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Roopkund lake's skeleton mystery solved! Scientists reveal bones belong to 9th century people who died during heavy hail storm

Scientists have concluded that the skeletons of about 200 people discovered near the frozen lake belonged to the 9th century indian tribesmen who died due to hail storm..

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But scientists have now found out that the skeletons were of pilgrims and locals as the bodies dated to around 850 AD.

High in the Indian Himalayas, a four-to-five-day trek from the nearest village, sits an unassuming glacial lake called Roopkund. The spot is beautiful, a dollop of jewel-toned water amid rough gravel and scree, but hardly out of the ordinary for the rugged landscape — except for the hundreds of human bones scattered within and around the lake.

These bones, belonging to between 300 and 800 people, have been a mystery since a forest ranger first reported them to the broader world in 1942. Lately, though, the mystery has only deepened. In 2019, a new genetic analysis of the ancient DNA in the bones, detailed in the journal Nature Communications , found that at least 14 of the people who died at the lake probably weren't from South Asia. Instead, their genes match those of modern-day people of the eastern Mediterranean.

Related: 11 famous places that are littered with dead bodies

What's more, these bones were far newer than most of the others at the lake, which date to around 800; the people with apparent Mediterranean heritage seem to instead have died around 1800. So what on Earth was a group from the Mediterranean doing above 16,500 feet (5,029 meters) in a far-flung corner of the Himalayas? And how did they die?

Deadly ridge

Those questions are at the heart of a   new article in The New Yorker by Douglas Preston, as well as a subsequent webinar discussion led by Preston and Princeton University anthropologist Agustín Fuentes and hosted by the School for Advanced Research in New Mexico.

The story of Roopkund illustrates the need for multiple lines of evidence when investigating the past. The bones alone are mystifying: They belong to both men and women, mostly young adults, who seem to have died in several bouts, perhaps over dozens or hundreds of years.

Oral histories passed down by the villagers nearby offer more illumination. The lake is on a pilgrimage trail for Nanda Devi, a manifestation of the Hindu goddess Parvati. According to local legend, a distant king once angered Nanda Devi, causing her to unleash drought upon his kingdom. To appease the goddess, the king set off on a pilgrimage that took him and his entourage past Roopkund, in what is now the state of Uttarakhand. But the foolish king brought dancers and other luxuries on the trek, intensifying Nanda Devi's rage. She conjured a terrible hailstorm and killed the entire party, the legend goes.

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This tale may not be far from the truth. Some of the victims at Roopkund have skull fractures that look like the result of blunt-force trauma, research has found . The current best guess for what happened to most of the dead? They were caught on the ridge above the lake in horrendous storms, some of which may have included deadly hail. Most of the victims likely died of exposure and hypothermia; they ended up in and around the lake because their bodies either rolled downhill or their remains sloughed down the hillside in the frequent mini-avalanches common on the slope. 

Ongoing mystery

There's no consensus, however, on what a group of people of apparent Mediterranean heritage was doing in such a remote corner of the Himalayas around 1800; there's no historical record of a long-range expedition to the region then, Preston said.

The finding hints at the limits of ancient DNA analysis, Fuentes said in the Feb. 3 webinar. The analysis compared the DNA of the skeletons at the lake with the DNA of modern-day populations. But people have moved around quite a lot in the intervening 200-plus years, making it a little difficult to say exactly where the dead at the lake came from. They may not have hailed directly from the eastern Mediterranean, Fuentes said; they could have been from closer to Roopkund but shared common ancestors with the people who ended up populating the eastern Mediterranean.

There is non-DNA evidence that the people in the mystery group weren't like the others who died at the lakes, though. The 2019 analysis also found that this group had a different diet, with less millet, than the people whose genetics suggested a South Asian origin.

One theory is that the mysterious dead at Roopkund could have been from an isolated population of Central Asians who descended from Alexander the Great and his armies. The Kalash, an ethnic group in Pakistan, owe some of their ancestry to these conquerors, Harvard University geneticist David Reich and his colleagues wrote in their 2019 paper. But the mystery dead don't have genetics like the Kalash, which mix eastern Mediterranean genetic markers with South Asian markers, and they don't show any of the signs of inbreeding that would be evident if they didn't mix with the wider South Asian population around them. 

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"Combining different lines of evidence, the data suggest instead that what we have sampled is a group of unrelated men and women who were born in the eastern Mediterranean during the period of Ottoman political control," the researchers wrote. "As suggested by their consumption of a predominantly terrestrial, rather than marine-based, diet, they may have lived in an inland location, eventually traveling to and dying in the Himalayas. Whether they were participating in a pilgrimage, or were drawn to Roopkund Lake for other reasons, is a mystery."

Part of the reason this mystery persists, Preston said, is that Roopkund has not actually been well studied. The lake is on a relatively popular trekking route, and hikers over the decades have moved bones, stacked them and even stolen them. Because of the tempestuous weather and high elevation, no systematic studies of the remains and their location have been done. 

Some day, though, that might change. For his article in The New Yorker, Preston interviewed Veena Mushrif-Tripathy, a bioarchaeologist at Deccan College in India who hopes to investigate Roopkund scientifically. It's likely that there are bodies within the lake that haven't been disturbed, Mushrif-Tripathy told Preston. Soft tissue and artifacts might even be preserved in the cold water. If researchers can launch such an expedition, they might be able to illuminate the lives of some of those who died at the lake. 

Originally published on Live Science.

Editor's Note: This story was updated at 7:00 p.m. E.T. on Wednesday, Feb. 24 to note that Roopkund is in Uttarakhand, India.

Stephanie Pappas is a contributing writer for Live Science, covering topics ranging from geoscience to archaeology to the human brain and behavior. She was previously a senior writer for Live Science but is now a freelancer based in Denver, Colorado, and regularly contributes to Scientific American and The Monitor, the monthly magazine of the American Psychological Association. Stephanie received a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of South Carolina and a graduate certificate in science communication from the University of California, Santa Cruz. 

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• HISTORY & CULTURE

DNA study deepens mystery of lake full of skeletons

Hundreds of bodies at Roopkund Lake belonged to pilgrims who perished in a Himalayan storm more than a thousand years ago—or so researchers thought.

Roopkund, a remote lake high in the Indian Himalaya, is home to one of archaeology’s spookiest mysteries: the skeletons of as many as 800 people. The most recent scientific study of those human remains, published in the journal Nature Communications in 2019 , attempts to unravel what happened at “Skeleton Lake”—but the results raise more questions than answers.

In the early 2000s, preliminary DNA studies had suggested that the people who died at Roopkund were of South Asian ancestry, and radiocarbon dates from around the site cluster at 800 A.D., a sign that they all died in a single event.

The first full genomic analyses from 38 sets of skeletal remains now upends that story. The results reveal that there were 23 people with south Asian ancestry at Roopkund, but they died during one or several events between the 7th and 10th centuries A.D. What’s more, the Roopkund skeletons contain another group of 14 victims who died there a thousand years later—likely in a single event.

And unlike the earlier South Asian skeletons, the later group who arrived at Roopkund around 1800 had a genetic ancestry tied to the Mediterranean—Greece and Crete, to be exact. (An additional individual, who died at the same time as the Mediterranean group, had east Asian ancestry.) None of the tested individuals were related to each other, and additional isotopic studies confirm that the South Asian and Mediterranean groups ate different diets.

Why was a Mediterranean group at Roopkund, and how did they meet their end? Researchers don’t know and aren’t speculating.

“We have tried to answer all possible sources of genetic ancestries of [the] Roopkund skeletons but failed to answer why Mediterranean people were traveling to this lake and what they were doing here,” says study co-author Niraj Rai , an archaeogeneticist at the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences in Lucknow, India.

A 'ghastly scene'

Roopkund’s strangeness unnerves even professionals. In the 1950s, one explorer described the site to an Indian radio station as a “ghastly scene that made us catch our breath.” And for decades, many scholars have tried to figure out who the men and women at Roopkund were and when they died.

The people’s cause of death has remained elusive. Death by battle is unlikely: The remains belong to both men and women, and no weapons or signs of combat violence have been found. The victims were also healthy when they died, which rules out a mass epidemic.

But what if a local folk song memorializes how the victims died? The song describes a royal procession during the Raj Jat —a pilgrimage held in the region every 12 years to worship the goddess Nanda Devi—that defiled the holy landscape with dancing girls. In response, an enraged Nanda Devi struck the group down with “iron balls” thrown from the sky.

One tantalizing possibility is that Roopkund victims were pilgrims who died during the Raj Jat after getting caught in a severe hailstorm. Parasols of a type used during the procession were reportedly found among the remains, and some individuals’ skulls bear unhealed fractures, perhaps a sign of large hailstones, the song’s lethal “iron balls.”

To check this scenario and others, an international team of researchers performed genomic analyses of the Roopkund remains. The team didn’t have expectations for who the people at Roopkund might have been, but signs of Mediterranean ancestry high in the Indian Himalaya came as a surprise.

“When we actually got the DNA back, it was super clear that some of these were not individuals with typical South Asian ancestry,” says Éadaoin Harney , study co-author and a researcher at Harvard’s department of organismic and evolutionary biology. “Definitely not something we were expecting at all.”

Did the Mediterranean group come for the Raj Jat pilgrimage and then stay at the lake long enough to meet their ends there? William Sax , head of Heidelberg University’s anthropology department and author of a book on the pilgrimage , says that this type of scenario “wouldn’t make any sense.”

Sax has made three trips to the lake, most recently in 2004 as part of a National Geographic television show, and says that modern pilgrims pay it little attention.

“When pilgrims get up to [Roopkund], they're scrambling because they have much farther to go, so they sort of stop and briefly show a bit of respect, if you will—but it's not and never has been terribly important for the pilgrimage itself,” he says. “It's kind of a dark and dirty place where you sort of nod your head and move on.”

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The Skeletons at the Lake

In the winter of 1942, on the shores of a lake high in the Himalayas, a forest ranger came across hundreds of bones and skulls, some with flesh still on them. When the snow and ice melted that summer, many more were visible through the clear water, lying on the bottom. The lake, a glacial tarn called Roopkund, was more than sixteen thousand feet above sea level, an arduous five-day trek from human habitation, in a mountain cirque surrounded by snowfields and battered by storms. In the midst of the Second World War , British officials in India initially worried that the dead might be the remains of Japanese soldiers attempting a secret invasion. The apparent age of the bones quickly dispelled that idea. But what had happened to all these people? Why were they in the mountains, and when and how had they died?

In 1956, the Anthropological Survey of India, in Calcutta, sponsored several expeditions to Roopkund to investigate. A snowstorm forced the first expedition to turn back, but two months later another expedition made it and returned to Calcutta with remains for study. Carbon dating, still an unreliable innovation, indicated that the bones were between five hundred and eight hundred years old.

Indian scientists were intensely interested in the Roopkund mystery. The lake, some thought, was a place where holy men committed ritual suicide. Or maybe the dead were a detachment of soldiers from a thirteenth-century army sent by the Sultan of Delhi in an ill-fated attempt to invade Tibet, or a group of Tibet-bound traders who had lost their way. Perhaps this was hallowed ground, an open-air cemetery, or a place where victims of an epidemic were dumped to prevent contagion.

People in the villages below Roopkund had their own explanation, passed down in folk songs and stories. The villages are on the route of a pilgrimage to honor Nanda Devi, a manifestation of Parvati, a supreme goddess in Hinduism. The pilgrimage winds up through the foothills of the Trisul massif, where locals believe that the goddess lives with her husband, Shiva. It may be the longest and most dangerous pilgrimage in India, and a particularly perilous section—the Jyumra Gali, or Path of Death—runs along a ridge high above Roopkund. As the villagers tell it, long ago Nanda Devi left her home to visit a distant kingdom, where she was treated discourteously by the king and queen. Nanda Devi cursed the kingdom, unleashing drought and disaster, and infesting the milk and rice with maggots. In order to appease the goddess, the royal couple embarked on a pilgrimage. The king, who liked his entertainments, took along a bevy of dancing courtesans and musicians, in violation of the ascetic traditions of the pilgrimage. Nanda Devi was furious at the display of earthly pleasures, and she shoved the dancing girls down into the underworld. The pits into which they are said to have sunk are still visible high on a mountainside. Then, according to the legend, she sent down a blizzard of hail and a whirlwind, which swept all the pilgrims on the Path of Death into the lake. Their skeletons are a warning to those who would disrespect the goddess.

This story is retold in “ Mountain Goddess ,” a 1991 book by the American anthropologist William Sax. Now a professor at Heidelberg University, he stumbled upon a reference to the lake and the bodies as an undergraduate, in the nineteen-seventies, and was fascinated. He and a friend travelled to the hamlet of Wan, the settlement closest to Roopkund, where a local man agreed to guide them up the pilgrim trail to the lake. The trail climbs through deep forests, emerging above the tree line, at eleven and a half thousand feet, into meadows carpeted with wildflowers. To the north is a vast wall of Himalayan peaks, some of the highest in the world. From there, the route follows steep ridgelines and leads past an ancient stone shrine, festooned with bronze bells and tridents and containing a statue of the elephant deity Ganesha. Then, at fifteen thousand feet, it goes over a pass and up a series of switchbacks through scree to Roopkund. The lake, about a hundred and thirty feet across and ten feet deep, is an emerald jewel nestled in a bowl of rock and ice. (In Hindi, roop kund means “beautifully shaped lake.”) Almost as soon as Sax and his companions arrived, they were engulfed by a blizzard and stumbled around the bone-strewn cirque in whiteout conditions, calling for one another and nearly adding their own bodies to the charnel ground.

Exhausted and feverish, Sax barely made it back to Wan with his companions, and spent ten days recovering in his guide’s stone hut. Yet his passion for the place was undimmed. He went on to write a doctoral thesis about the local traditions surrounding Nanda Devi. In the late eighties, he went on the pilgrimage himself, the only Westerner to have done so at that time, after which he published “Mountain Goddess.” The book describes how the Himalayas, “associated for thousands of years in India’s literatures with famous pilgrimage places and powerful, ascetic renouncers,” became the setting for followers to show devotion to the goddess by “giving suffering” to their bodies.

In 2005, Sax was featured in a National Geographic documentary about the lake. The Indian media company that made the film assembled a team of archeologists, anthropologists, geneticists, and technicians from research laboratories in India and the U.K. to collect and study the bones. In the decades since Sax first visited, the lake had become a popular destination in the trekking community and the site was being ruined. Bones had been stolen; others had been rearranged in fanciful patterns or piled in cairns. Almost none of the skeletons were intact, and it was impossible to tell which bones belonged together or where they had originally lain. Nature had added to the confusion, churning and fracturing the bones with rock slides and avalanches. But a recent landslide had exposed a cache of fresh bones and artifacts. Under a slab of rock, the team found the remains of a woman, bent double. The body was intact and still had skin and flesh. The scientists removed tissue samples for testing, shot video, and collected bones and artifacts. The team estimated that the area contained the remains of between three hundred and seven hundred people.

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The scientific analysis swiftly discounted most of the prevailing theories. These were not the remains of a lost army: the bones were from men, women, and children. Aside from a single iron spearhead, no weapons were found, and there was no trace of horses. The bones showed no evidence of battle, ritual suicide, murder, or epidemic disease. Nor was Roopkund a cemetery: most of the individuals were healthy and between eighteen and thirty-five years old. Meanwhile, the team’s geographic analysis laid to rest the idea of traders lost in the mountains, establishing that no trade route between India and Tibet had ever existed in the area. Although the Tibetan border is only thirty-five miles north of Roopkund, the mountains form an impassable barrier. Besides, no trade goods or beasts of burden were found with the bodies. Artifacts retrieved included dozens of leather slippers, pieces of parasols made of bamboo and birch bark, and bangles made of seashells and glass. Devotees of Nanda Devi carry parasols and wear bangles on the pilgrimage. The dead, it appeared, were most likely pilgrims.

DNA analysis showed that all the victims appeared to have a genetic makeup typical of South Asian origin. Bone and tissue samples were sent to Oxford University for carbon dating. The new dates, far more accurate than the 1956 ones, formed a tight cluster in the ninth century. Tom Higham, who performed the analysis, concluded that the victims had perished in a single event and had “died instantaneously within hours of one another.” Meanwhile, a team of bioarcheologists and paleopathologists noted the presence of two distinct groups: there were “rugged, tall” people with long heads and also some “medium height, lightly built, round headed” people, who displayed a curious shallow groove across the vault of the skull. The scientists concluded that the dead represented two populations: a group of tall Brahmans from the plains of India and a company of shorter, local porters, whose skulls were marked by years of carrying heavy loads with a tumpline looped over their heads.

The investigation also revealed that three or possibly four skulls had compression fractures on the crown that had probably occurred at the time of death. “It is not a weapon injury,” the researchers noted, but came “from a blow from a blunt and round heavy object.” This stretch of the Himalayas is notorious for hailstorms, which destroy crops and damage property. The team concluded that, around the year 800 A.D., a group of pilgrims were caught in a storm on the exposed ridge above Roopkund and were pummelled to death by giant hailstones. Over the years, landslides and avalanches had rolled the bodies down the steep slope into the lake and the surrounding area. Not only did the mystery of Roopkund appear to be solved; it also seemed that the local tales of Nanda Devi’s wrath had originated in an actual event.

Last year, however, Nature Communications published the baffling results of a new study conducted by sixteen research institutions across three continents. Genetic analysis and new carbon dating revealed that a significant proportion of the Roopkund remains belonged to people from somewhere in the eastern Mediterranean, most likely near Crete, and that they had perished at the lake only a couple of centuries ago.

India is an ideal country for studying human genetics, ancient and modern. There are fewer cultural barriers to handling human biological materials than in many parts of the world, and Indian scientists have eagerly pursued research into the peopling of the subcontinent. Geneticists have sampled the DNA of hundreds of living populations, making India one of the most genetically mapped countries in the world. In 2008, David Reich, a geneticist at Harvard, made the first of many trips to the country, and visited a leading life-science research institution, the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, in Hyderabad. While there, he discussed someday collaborating on a more detailed study of the Roopkund bones with the center’s director, Lalji Singh, and Kumarasamy Thangaraj, a geneticist who had headed up the previous DNA analysis. By the time work began, in 2015, the team, led by the Reich lab and the laboratory in Hyderabad, also included researchers at Pennsylvania State University, the Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, and the Anthropological Survey of India, where many of the Roopkund bones reside.

Not long before the COVID -19 pandemic shut down the U.S., I visited Reich at Harvard Medical School. His office is a minimalist space with a whiteboard, a table, and a wall of glass looking across Avenue Louis Pasteur to the red brick façade of the Boston Latin School. Reich is a lean, fit man in his mid-forties who speaks with rapid, quiet precision. His self-deprecating manner conceals a supremely self-confident iconoclast who is not averse to toppling received wisdom, and his work has attracted criticism from some anthropologists, archeologists, and social scientists. The Reich lab, the foremost unit in the country for research into ancient DNA, is responsible for more than half the world’s published data in the field. Having so far sequenced the DNA of more than ten thousand long-dead individuals from all over the globe, the lab is almost halfway through a five-year project to create an atlas of human migration and diversity, allowing us to peer deep into our past. The work has produced startling insights into who we are as a species, where we have come from, and what we have done to one another. Hidden in the human genome is evidence of inequality, the displacement of peoples, invasion, mass rape, and large-scale killing. Under the scrutiny of science, the dead are becoming eloquent.

Last year, Reich led a team of more than a hundred researchers who published a study in Science that examined the genomes of some two hundred and seventy ancient skeletons from the Iberian Peninsula. It’s long been known that, from around 2500 to 2000 B.C., major new artistic and cultural styles flourished in Western and Central Europe. Archeologists have tended to explain this development as the result of cultural diffusion: people adopted innovations in pottery, metalworking, and weaponry from their geographic neighbors, along with new burial customs and religious beliefs. But the DNA of Iberian skeletons dating from this period of transformation told a different story, revealing what Reich describes as the “genetic scar” of a foreign invasion.

In Iberia during this time, the local type of Y chromosome was replaced by an entirely different type. Given that the Y chromosome, found only in males, is passed down from father to son, this means that the local male line in Iberia was essentially extinguished. It is likely that the newcomers perpetrated a large-scale killing of local men, boys, and possibly male infants. Any local males remaining must have been subjugated in a way that prevented them from fathering children, or were so strongly disfavored in mate selection over time that their genetic contribution was nullified. The full genetic sequencing, however, indicated that about sixty per cent of the lineage of the local population was passed on, which shows that women were not killed but almost certainly subjected to widespread sexual coercion, and perhaps even mass rape.

We can get a sense of this reign of terror by thinking about what took place when the descendants of those ancient Iberians sailed to the New World, events for which we have ample historical records. The Spanish conquest of the Americas produced human suffering on a grotesque scale—war, mass murder, rape, slavery, genocide, starvation, and pandemic disease. Genetically, as Reich noted, the outcome was very similar: in Central and South America, large amounts of European DNA mixed into the local population, almost all of it coming from European males. The same Y-chromosome turnover is also found in Americans of African descent. On average, a Black person in America has an ancestry that is around eighty per cent African and twenty per cent European. But about eighty per cent of that European ancestry is inherited from white males—genetic testimony to the widespread rape and sexual coercion of female slaves by slaveowners.

In the Iberian study, the predominant Y chromosome seems to have originated with a group called the Yamnaya, who arose about five thousand years ago, in the steppes north of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. By adopting the wheel and the horse, they became powerful and fearsome nomads, expanding westward into Europe as well as east- and southward into India. They spoke proto-Indo-European languages, from which most of the languages of Europe and many South Asian languages now spring. Archeologists have long known about the spread of the Yamnaya, but almost nothing in the archeological record showed the brutality of their takeover. “This is an example of the power of ancient DNA to reveal cultural events,” Reich told me.

It also shows how DNA evidence can upset established archeological theories and bring rejected ones back into contention. The idea that Indo-European languages emanated from the Yamnaya homeland was established in 1956, by the Lithuanian-American archeologist Marija Gimbutas. Her view, known as the Kurgan hypothesis—named for the distinctive burial mounds that spread west across Europe—is now the most widely accepted theory about Indo-European linguistic origins. But, where many archeologists envisaged a gradual process of cultural diffusion, Gimbutas saw “continuous waves of expansion or raids.” As her career progressed, her ideas became more controversial. In Europe previously, Gimbutas hypothesized, men and women held relatively equal places in a peaceful, female-centered, goddess-worshipping society—as evidenced by the famous fertility figurines of the time. She believed that the nomads from the Caspian steppes imposed a male-dominated warrior culture of violence, sexual inequality, and social stratification, in which women were subservient to men and a small number of élite males accumulated most of the wealth and power.

The DNA from the Iberian skeletons can’t tell us what kind of culture the Yamnaya replaced, but it does much to corroborate Gimbutas’s sense that the descendants of the Yamnaya caused much greater disruption than other archeologists believed. Even today, the Y chromosomes of almost all men of Western European ancestry have a high percentage of Yamnaya-derived genes, suggesting that violent conquest may have been widespread.

The team members of the Roopkund study planned a variety of tests for the bones. DNA sequencing would show the ancestry of the victims and whether they were related to one another, and carbon dating would estimate when they died. The researchers would test for disease, and analyze the chemistry of the bones to determine the victims’ diet and where they might have grown up. Under sterile conditions, the scientists in Hyderabad drilled into long bones and teeth, producing a powder. Vials of this were sent to Harvard and to other labs in India, the United States, and Germany.

An ancient human bone is packed with DNA, but, in many cases, ninety-nine per cent or more of that is not human. It is the DNA of billions of microbes that colonized the body during the decomposition after death. To tease the tiny fraction of human DNA from this mass of microbial debris requires a chemical ballet of enormous delicacy, and the risk of contamination is high. Stray DNA molecules from people who handled the remains can ruin an entire sample.

David Reich’s lab has a “clean room” for extracting and processing DNA from human tissue. Personnel pass through a dressing area, where they don a full-body clean suit with booties and hood, double pairs of nitrile gloves (the inner one sealed to the suit with tape around the wrists), a hairnet, a face mask, and a plastic shield. The clean room is maintained at positive pressure, which keeps the airflow directed outward, to curtail the entry of airborne DNA. After anything is touched in the room, the outer pair of gloves must be stripped off and a fresh pair put on, in order to prevent the transfer of DNA from surface to surface. Intense ultraviolet light shines whenever the room is empty, to destroy stray DNA. The light is shut off when the lab is occupied, because it burns human skin and eyes.

When I visited, a technician was working on a nubbin of bone from an ancient Roman who lived in Belgium. The whine of a sandblaster filled the air as she removed excess bone from a tiny treasure chest of DNA—a spiral cavity in the inner ear called the cochlea. The bone in which the cochlea is embedded is the densest in the body, and provides the best source of preserved DNA in ancient remains. DNA this old breaks up into short strands. Getting enough to sequence requires complex processes, one of which involves placing samples in a machine that produces a polymerase chain reaction, copying the fragments up to a billion times. The lab doesn’t sequence the entire DNA molecule, much of which is repetitious and uninformative, but maps about a million key locations.

Reich had asked a graduate student in his lab, Éadaoin Harney, to take charge of the Roopkund project. Her role was to analyze the Roopkund DNA, wrangle the worldwide team, assemble the results, and write the resulting paper as its lead author. (She has since taken a job as a postdoctoral researcher at the genomics firm 23andMe .) By the middle of 2017, it was apparent that the Roopkund bones belonged to three distinct groups of people. Roopkund A had ancestry typical of South Asians. They were unrelated to one another and genetically diverse, apparently coming from various areas and groups in India. Roopkund C was a lone individual whose genome was typical of Southeast Asia. It was the Roopkund B group, a mixture of men and women unrelated to one another, that confounded everyone. Their genomes did not look Indian or even Asian. “Of all places in the world, India is one of the places most heavily sampled in terms of human diversity,” Reich told me. “We have sampled three hundred different groups in India, and there’s nothing there even close to Roopkund B.”

Harney and Reich began exploring the ancestry of the Roopkund B group, comparing the genomes with hundreds of present-day populations across Europe, Asia, and Africa. The closest match was with people from the Greek island of Crete. “It would be a mistake to say these people were specifically from Crete,” Reich said. “A very careful analysis showed they don’t match perfectly. They are clearly a population of the Aegean area.” The Roopkund B group made up more than a third of the samples tested—fourteen individuals out of thirty-eight. Since the bones at the lake were not collected systematically, the finding hinted that the Mediterranean group in total might have been quite large. One-third of three hundred, the lower estimate of the Roopkund dead, is a hundred people.

As bizarre as the result seemed, it nonetheless matched an analysis of bone collagen that the Max Planck Institute and the Harvard lab had done on the same individuals, to determine their diet. Dietary information is stored in our bones, and plants, depending on how they fix carbon during photosynthesis, create one of two chemical signatures—C3 or C4. A person who eats a diet of C3 plants, such as wheat, barley, and rice, will have isotope ratios of carbon in their bones different from those of a person eating a diet high in millets, which are C4. Sure enough, the analysis of Roopkund bone collagen revealed that, in the last ten or so years of their lives, the Roopkund A people ate a varied C3 and C4 diet, typical for much of India; Roopkund B ate a mostly C3 diet, typical of the Mediterranean.

During the study, the Reich lab had divided up its bone-powder samples, sending one portion to the carbon-14-dating laboratory at Penn State. (Doing this rather than having the Penn State samples sent straight from Hyderabad was a way of insuring that the labs were working on the same individuals.) When the carbon-dating results came back, there was another surprise: there appeared to have been multiple mass-death events at Roopkund. The Roopkund A individuals probably died in three or possibly four incidents between 700 and 950 A.D. The Roopkund B group—from the Mediterranean—likely perished in a single event a thousand years later. Because carbon-14 dating is difficult to interpret for the period between 1650 and 1950, the deaths could have occurred anytime during that span, but with a slightly higher probability in the eighteenth century. The lone person of Southeast Asian ancestry in Roopkund C died around the same time.

The eighteenth-century date was so unexpected that Reich and Harney at first thought it might be a typo, or that the samples had been contaminated. Harney wrote up the findings, in a paper co-authored by twenty-seven other scientists. She told me, “We hoped that after the paper was published someone would come forward with information that would help us determine what might have happened at Roopkund—some historian or a person with knowledge of a group of European travellers who vanished in the Himalayas around that time.”

When William Sax learned of the results, he was incredulous. He had spent years in the mountain villages below the lake, among the devotees of Nanda Devi. The women consider themselves to be keepers of the goddess’s memory, and Sax had recorded and translated many of their songs and stories of the pilgrimage. He feels certain that if a large party of travellers, especially foreign travellers, had died at Roopkund in recent centuries, there would have been some record in folklore. After all, despite the new study’s surprises, the Roopkund A group was not inconsistent with the earlier findings.

“I never heard a word, not a hint of a story, no folktale or anything,” Sax told me. “And there’s absolutely no reason to be up there if they weren’t on the pilgrimage.” The idea of a group of eighteenth-century Greeks on a Hindu pilgrimage seemed far-fetched. A simpler explanation would be that the Roopkund B bones somehow got mixed up while sitting in storage. “It is quite possible that these bones were contaminated,” he said, and the researchers were simply taking their provenance on trust: “They didn’t actually collect them themselves.” Having been fascinated with the region’s way of life for four decades, he also found the scientists’ perspective lacking. “This isn’t just a story about bones,” he said. “It’s also a story about human beings and religious devotion.”

Many anthropologists and archeologists are uneasy about the incursion of genomics into their domain and suspicious of its brash certainties. “We’re not schooled in the nuances,” Reich admitted to me. “Anthropologists and geneticists are two groups speaking different languages and getting to know each other.” Research into human origins and the differences between populations is always vulnerable to misuse. The grim history of eugenics still casts a shadow over genetics—a field with limitless appeal for white supremacists and others looking to support racist views—even though, for half a century, geneticists have rejected the idea of large hereditary disparities among human populations for the great majority of traits. Genetic science was vital in discrediting racist biological theories and establishing that racial categories are ever-shifting social constructs that do not align with genetic variation. Still, some anthropologists, social scientists, and even geneticists are deeply uncomfortable with any research that explores the hereditary differences among populations. Reich is insistent that race is an artificial category rather than a biological one, but maintains that “substantial differences across populations” exist. He thinks that it’s not unreasonable to investigate those differences scientifically, although he doesn’t undertake such research himself. “Whether we like it or not, people are measuring average differences among groups,” he said. “We need to be able to talk about these differences clearly, whatever they may be. Denying the possibility of substantial differences is not for us to do, given the scientific reality we live in.”

In 2018, Reich published a book, “ Who We Are and How We Got Here ,” about how genetic science is revolutionizing our understanding of our species. After he presented material from the book as an Op-Ed in the Times , sixty-seven anthropologists, social scientists, and others signed an open letter on BuzzFeed, titled “How Not to Talk About Race and Genetics.” The scholars complained that Reich’s “skillfulness with ancient and contemporary DNA should not be confused with a mastery of the cultural, political, and biological meanings of human groups,” and that Reich “critically misunderstands and misrepresents concerns” regarding the use of such loaded terms as “race” and “population.”

Reich’s lab now has an ethics-and-outreach officer, Jakob Sedig, whose job is to work with some of the cultural groups being studied, to understand and respond to their sensitivities. “We are mapping genetic groups to archeological cultures,” Sedig, who has a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Colorado, explained. “How we’re defining these groups genetically is not how they see themselves culturally. We don’t want to discredit other people’s beliefs, but we don’t want to censor our research based on those beliefs. There’s no one answer. You need a dialogue from the beginning.”

Reich acknowledges that geneticists need to be careful about how they discuss their work. He said that the majority of archeologists and anthropologists welcome the insights that genetic research provides, although “there are a small number of Luddites who want to break our machines.” In our conversations, Reich emphasized that the findings of geneticists were almost always unexpected and tended to explode stereotypes. “Again and again, I’ve found my own biases and expectations to be wrong,” he said. “It should make us realize that the stories we tell ourselves about our past are often very different from the reality, and we should have humility about that.” When I asked him for examples, he mentioned the origin of “white people”—light-skinned people from Europe and parts of western Asia. He assumed (as did most scientists) that whites represented a stable lineage that had spread across western Eurasia tens of thousands of years ago and established a relatively homogeneous population. But his research showed that as recently as eight thousand years ago there were at least four distinct groups of Europeans, as genetically different from one another as the British are from the Chinese today, some with brown skin color. As he put it in an e-mail, “ ‘White people’ simply didn’t exist ~8,000 years ago.”

Around 500 B.C., the Greek traveller Scylax of Caryanda is said to have journeyed through parts of the Indian subcontinent and sailed down the Indus River. In his writings, known only from secondary sources, Scylax called the river Indos, from which the English name for the subcontinent derives. Alexander the Great invaded India in 326 B.C., having previously swept through what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan. His armies traversed the Indus plains and reached as far as the Beas River before turning back. There was lasting Hellenic influence in the region for centuries, although the eventual decline of Greek civilization largely brought direct contact with Greece to an end.

Perhaps, the Roopkund researchers thought, there might be a tribe or a group in India descended from Greeks. Alexander left behind commanders and soldiers in some of the territories he conquered, many of whom stayed. Members of the Kalash tribe, in northern Pakistan, claim to be descendants of Alexander’s soldiers. (This was the inspiration for Rudyard Kipling’s story “The Man Who Would Be King.”) The Kalash are a distinct people with their own language and an ancient, animistic religion. Genetic research suggests that the Kalash have a Western European origin, and one disputed study found Greek heritage. On investigation, Reich’s team found that the modern genetic profile of the Kalash did not resemble that of Roopkund B. Two centuries before Christ, parts of northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan formed the Indo-Greek Kingdom, the easternmost state of the Hellenic world. But, again, Roopkund B didn’t resemble any populations living there now.

Could Roopkund B have come from an unsampled population in India descended from Greeks or a related group? In this scenario, an enclave of migrants to India never admixed with South Asians, and retained their genetic heritage. But the genetics of Roopkund B, showing no sign of isolation or inbreeding, ruled this out, too. And then there was the stubborn fact that the Roopkund B people ate a diet more consistent with the Mediterranean than with India. The evidence pointed to one conclusion: they were Mediterranean travellers who somehow got to Roopkund, where they died in a single, terrible event. And yet the historians I consulted, specialists in South Asian and Greek history and authorities in the history of Himalayan mountaineering, said that, in recent centuries, there was no evidence of a large group of unrelated people from the eastern Mediterranean—men and women—travelling in the Himalayas before 1950.

Since the study was published, one of the most determined investigators of the mystery has been a recently retired archeologist named Stuart Fiedel, whose main research focus is the migration of Paleo-Americans into the New World from Asia. “I hate unsolved mysteries,” Fiedel told me. “It makes zero sense that a party of male and female Greek islanders would be participating in a Hindu pilgrimage around 1700 or 1800. That’s because, one, there is no documented presence of any substantial Greek communities in northern India at those times, and, two, there is no record of Europeans converting to Hinduism or Buddhism in those periods.”

He sent Harney and Reich a string of e-mails proposing alternatives to the Mediterranean theory. Fiedel contends that the mitochondrial DNA lineages and the Y-chromosomal DNA lineages of the Roopkund B group are rare or absent in the population of the Greek islands, but are relatively common in Armenians and other peoples of the Caucasus. His preferred hypothesis is that the Roopkund B people were Armenian traders. Armenians travelled widely in Tibet, India, and Nepal during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, trading in pearls, amber, and deer musk, a precious ingredient in perfume. Several large Indian cities have Armenian communities that go back centuries. “They might have been hanging with some major Hindu party trying to sell them stuff,” Fiedel said. Noting that nothing of value was found on the bodies, he speculated that the travellers were killed by Thuggees, a cult of robbers and murderers whose fearsome reputation in British India gave us the word “thug.” Thuggees were said to attach themselves to travellers or groups of pilgrims, gaining their trust and then robbing and murdering them on a remote stretch of road. “The Thuggees would make off with kids,” Fiedel said. “Everybody in the Roopkund B population is mature. There isn’t any gold on the skeletons, no rings, necklaces, or anklets on the victims. Who removed those things? And they were dumped in water. The Thuggees would dump people in water.”

Reich and Harney reject Fiedel’s genetic interpretation. Reich wrote back to him saying that the full DNA from Roopkund B was “extremely different from Armenians both modern and ancient.” What’s more, scholars increasingly view British reports about Thuggees as inaccurate or embellished, reflecting the colonialist fear and incomprehension of the country they occupied. Some historians question whether the Thuggees even existed.

Reich and Fiedel did agree, however, that Sax’s suspicion that the bones could have simply been mixed up was unsustainable. A jumble of bones from a poorly curated storage area would not have the consistency of age, type, diet, and genetics displayed by the Roopkund B remains. The data would be all over the map. Besides, even if these bones were proved to have been mislabelled, that would merely create another mystery: how did a bunch of eighteenth-century Greek bones get into a storage vault in India?

For the time being, Roopkund holds its secrets, but it remains possible that an answer will eventually be found. Veena Mushrif-Tripathy, a bioarcheologist on the previous study and a co-author of the new one, pointed out that Roopkund is so remote and inhospitable—in 2003, when she and her colleagues went to collect bones, altitude sickness forced her to turn back—there has never been a systematic archeological investigation of the site. All the bones studied so far have been picked up haphazardly, a flawed way of sampling that often skews results. A careful excavation, she believes, might solve the mystery, especially if it is able to plumb the lake itself. The water is frozen most of the year, so the skeletons and artifacts visible on the lake bed have been kept safe from looters and souvenir hunters. “Inside the lake, you can get more preserved bones with soft tissues,” she said. “And if they are Greek people we should get some artifacts or tools or something which we can trace back to Greece.”

And what of Nanda Devi? The new study established that multiple groups had died at the lake centuries apart. Did everyone die in hailstorms? Mushrif-Tripathy thinks that a hailstorm was probably involved in one mass death but that most people had likely just died of exposure. According to Ayushi Nayak, who performed the isotopic bone analyses at the Max Planck Institute, Hindu pilgrims sometimes go barefoot and thinly clothed to sacred sites in the Himalayas as a spiritual challenge. Completing the pilgrimage in this way is a sign that the goddess favors you and wants you to survive. In other words, most of the Roopkund dead probably perished as Sax almost did, when he was an undergraduate—staggering around in a sudden blizzard and looking for their companions. ♦

Roopkund Trek

Uttarakhand |

Uttarakhand | India

Max Altitude

Trekking Km

Moderate to Difficult

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13700 /person $ /person.

• February-2025
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Trek Name: Roopkund Trek

Adventure Type: Trekking

Base Camp: Lohajung

Season: Summer | Autumn |

Month: April | May | June | September | October | November |

Country: India

Altitude: 15696 Ft.

Grade: Moderate to Difficult

Rail Head: Kathgodam

Stay: Camping (Twin sharing) & Hotel/Guesthouse

Food: Meals while on trek & at Hotel/Guesthouse (Veg & Eggs)

Location: Uttarakhand

Distance: 53 Km.

Trail Type: Circle trail | Camping in various locations, starting and ending at the same point.

Roopkund is a famous glacial lake in the state of Uttarakhand in India . This lake is famous due to more than five hundred skeletons of humans that are found at the edge of the lake. It is located in the Himalayas and rests at an altitude of nearly 4,800 meters. Roopkund is located in the Chamoli district of Garhwal. It is one of the best sites for Trekking in Garhwal. It is closer to hill stations like Nainital and Kathgodam. At a distance of 217 km from Nainital and 235 km from Kathgodam, Roopkund is one of the major adventure attractions for people in the country and those traveling from abroad. Roopkund, which is located in the lap of Trishul massif is also known as the ‘mystery lake’. You can find human skeletons at the bank of the lake, which are believed to belong to the Palaeolithic age.

These are believed to be the skeletons of the heroes who had fought here in earlier times. Along with the skeletons of humans, you can also find the skeletal structure of horses and other animals. There are reports that these skeletons belong to the 12th century to the 15th century. It is believed by specialists that the death of many people in this region was a result of landslides, blizzards, or an epidemic. The human skeletons were re-discovered in 1942 by H K Madhwal, who was a Nanda Devi Game reserve ranger.

Later in 2004, a team of Indian scientists along with some Europeans visited the area to gain more information about the nature of the  skeletons . 

Through extensive research and findings, they found human skulls, bones, and other jewellery.  The DNA of the skeletons was taken, and it appeared that the people belonged to many classes and showed different features and morphological structures. There was a group of short and tall people believed to be closely related to each other. Though the exact number of the skeletons cannot be ascertained, a total number of around 500 hundred skeletons were found. It is also believed that an equal number of skeletons perished due to the natural environment.

The Radiocarbon dating of the skeletons at the Oxford University Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit determines the age of the skeletons be somewhere around 850 AD. Later extensive research has been carried out in various parts of the country and the world. Many scientists are of the idea that the people did not die of an epidemic but due to sudden hailstorms. The hailstorms are supposed to be as big as the size of a cricket ball, and as there was no shelter in the open areas of the Himalayas, people might have come under its disastrous and direct effect. It is considered one of the strongest reasons for the extinction of the natives of this area.

The cold and icy weather conditions can be said to be the reason for the preservation of the skeletons for such a long time. The favourable weather conditions prevented the skeletons to decay and decompose into the soil. With landslides that were rampant in the area, many bodies slipped into the lakes and stayed there for a long time. The bodies that fell into the lake had a greater shelf-life as compared to the ones which remained in the open. However, it is still not determined if this group of people lived here, or if they were heading towards a destination. Historical evidence of any trade route toward Tibet has not been established. Therefore it is hard to decipher the real purpose of the group of people that were victims of this natural calamity. There are possibilities that the group may be heading towards the Nanda Devi pilgrimage where Nanda Devi Raj Jat festivities take place once every 12 years.

Lohajung is the starting trekking point for Roopkund. The Roopkund Trek can also be called Skeleton Trek due to the presence of different skeletons in and around the lake. The lake is surrounded by snow-clad mountains and rock-strewn glaciers.

Trekking in India and choosing the Roopkund Trek is an adventurous journey that passes through many exotic and beautiful locations. As you trek towards the lake, you would find lush green grassy land and conifer forest ranging towards the fall of hills. Thereafter the trek takes its way along the Pindar River. You can enjoy the natural and lush green beauty of the surroundings with the pleasant breeze that blows all around you, giving a soothing effect to your senses.

Roopkund is a picturesque, beautiful, and attractive tourist destination in the Himalayas. Located at the base of two Himalayan peaks, Trishul and Nandghungti, it attracts people who have an adventurous side to life. Religious festivals take place in autumn, held at the alpine meadow of Bedni Bugyal , where the nearby villages participate. The lake is covered with ice all the time and it adds to its beauty. It is an enjoyable travelling destination as one is surrounded by mountains from all sides. Trekking in Uttarakhand also gives you the chance to Trek The Himalayas . You can also go for the Nanda Rajjat Yatra.

There are many routes for a trek to Roopkund. One of the most common routes travelers and adventurers take is through Lohajung up to where you can travel by road. Trekking  begins after this point. There are also some plains or flat areas where you can camp during the night. If the weather is not foggy, you can easily see  Bedni Bugyal and Trishul . On your way to Roopkund, you would also find many grazing lands for horses, sheep and mules. You would come across a few temples and lakes on your journey. Many waterfalls are also visible on the slopes of the surrounding mountains. However, it should be kept in mind that the weather is generally hostile throughout the year and travellers need to be fully equipped and prepared for these conditions.

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Who Can Participate

• Age; 15 years.
• Experience of any high altitude trek, at least 1 treks of 4,000m/13,100ft.
• The climber must be fit and have sufficient stamina to cover 6 km of distance in 35 minutes without stress.
• The climber should be able to carry a 12-16 kg backpack.

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• Make a single payment and trek the number of times you want.
• If you book a trek with Trek The Himalayas and cannot complete it, or if you've successfully completed the trek and wish to do it again, you can repeat it multiple times at no additional cost.

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• This offer is non-transferable.
• This offer is valid for Trek The Himalayas limited fixed departures.
• This offer is valid for 5 years from the date of booking.
• This offer is not valid if the participant has received a cash refund or voucher at the time of cancellation.
• Participants don’t have to pay for the trek cost but have to pay for transportation and trek permit costs.

To reserve a spot for a trek or adventure program, you can either utilize our online booking form or call us at the provided number. For your confirmation, a deposit must be wired, including the initial payment.

Kathgodam to Lohajung

The journey will take not more than 10 hours, which includes one or two breaks. The serpentine road goes through the region of Kumaon and covers deep valleys of Shivalik mountain ranges. The road will take you to Gwaldam which lies under the administrative district of Garhwal. The road goes through coniferous forests and unrelenting curves. Though there is a direct road from Gwaldam to Deval, the final destination of the day, it is not preferred due to damages at various places due to the yearlong rains. Via Nandkesri the distance to be covered is less, around 11kms, but it is better to walk on a longer, but safer trail through Tharali, which is around 36kms. Around 2 hours of the ride will take you to Deval, a village with all provisions of purchasing food and kerosene required for the rest of the journey. The days last stretch of the journey is from Deval to Lohajung. The extremely curvy and winding road gains considerable height. The roads are so thrilling to drive on that sometimes even the slightest of oncoming cars and trucks send Goosebumps. It is generally rainy and foggy most of the time and temperatures remain very cold. The night is spent at a tourist rest house or nearby lodges.

Lohargunj to Didna Village

The actual trek begins today. After a good home prepared breakfast, the walk starts on the level ground with slight ascent on the jeep road; the road goes till the village of Wan. An hour and a half walk on the flat surface will take you to Kulling, which is located at a distance of around 6km form Lohajung. Kulling is a peaceful village in the district of Garhwal, with a small pool of the population; it is filled with the beauties of nature. Exotic birds can be spotted very easily; the air feels crisp and fresh. After a break at Kulling, you take a right turn and gradually descend towards the village. At the start, you will notice a narrow concrete plain which cuts through houses and fields and takes you to a small stream. This small stream is fed by Neel Ganga. You descend further till you reach the bed of Neel Ganga. Go ahead and cross the cemented bridge and then start climbing the ridge on the right side of the bridge. The road ahead is moderately steep and ends at the village of Didna, situated at an altitude of 2450mts, 8000ft. The trail encompasses evergreen alpine forests and trees which are huge in size. After a climb of around two hours, you reach the top of the ridge; the view ahead is magnificent. It is surprising to find huge open lands at such a high altitude on the lap of the mountains. There are two villages very near to each other Didna and Kuling, basically they host the same type of people and trekkers. The first village is habited during the summer and monsoon months while the second one is popular during winter. The days trek is over at around 3pm, after which a hot lunch is enjoyed. Total distance covered during the day is approximately around 10kms, and the night is spent in a traditional guest house.

Didna Village to Ali Bugyal

Today's trek involves trekking through the beautiful village of Ali Bugyal, which located at an altitude of 3400mts or 11000ft, is one of the highest inhabited locations of the country. Ali Bugyal is on top of the mountain and is clearly visible from the backdrop of Didna. The trek will take you to climb on top of this mountain, after the start the trail will take out of the village. On the right, the trail is slightly ascending with a very gentle gradient. On the way, temporary settlements of local shepherds known as Tolpani and their huge herds of sheep are a site to behold. They are very friendly and warm in welcoming people; you can even share their lunch, which they think as a friendly gesture. On the other hand, the trail on the left side is short in length but is steeper. But it doesnt really matter which trail you take, eventually both of them will take you to the same destination. Oak, Birch, and Rhododendron trees are the only trees that grow in these areas, and are magnificent and huge in size. According to locals, anyone visiting the place during the spring season can see the unbelievable view of the valley covered with thousands of Rhododendron flowers in vibrant colours. After reaching the mountain top, the tree line gradually recedes, and the plain grasslands start. The climb takes around 3 to 4 hours, after which right in front of your eyes, the Himalayas most attractive meadows, Ali Bugiyal welcomes you. The view is very similar to the default wallpaper of Windows XP and is a treat for the eyes. During summer months, wild horses and cows graze the fields which are filled with vast stretches of grass and flowers of various bright colours. On a clear weather, it is easy to spot the peaks of Trishul and Mrighthuni, the tallest mountain peaks in this part of the Himalayas. The mighty Trishul beckons to be climbed upon and feels as there is some hidden energy which attracts towards itself. After crossing the meadows, there comes a small face on the way, and another half an hour of trekking will take you to Bedni, the camping spot for day 3. After lunch, visit the nearby temple in Bedni Kund, if the weather is clear you might be able to view the Garhwal Himalayan ranges at its glory.

Ali Bugyal to Patar Nachauni via Bedni Bugyal and Ghora Lotani

Today being the 4th day of the trek you can have the choice of starting a bit late and sleeping a little bit extra. Your next camping location is Gora Lutani, which is a perfect camping spot. Keep on walking and enjoy the picturesque locations in the adjoining area. Along the way, you will come across Patat Nacholi, a rather unused and vest able landmass. This day you will make steep altitude gain from around 12,500ft to 14,500ft. The high altitude and the long continuous walks will make your legs hurt, and you will also start feeling the effects of the weather changes and the thin air will make breathing difficult. But don't worry; the wonderful surroundings will give you enough motivation to reach your destination. The positive vibes flowing in the air lets you forget all your troubles. After a travel of around 10kms, the campsite for the day is reached. Ghora Lotani will give you a good night's sleep, but the next morning waking up early is very crucial as it is going to be an exciting day ahead.

Patar Nachauni to Bhagwabasa via Kalu Vinayak

Wake up early and brace yourself for the longest day of trekking. Have a filling breakfast and dont forget to do a few stretches. It should be kept in mind that today; the trekking will approximately cover 10kms and that too on a steep slope. Walk towards Bagubasa, located around 14000ft above the sea level. This road will also take you across Kalyuvinayak temple. The most thrilling part to see the temple is to travel up 2kms, also equivalent to gaining an altitude of around 200ft. The path leading to this temple is very uneven and zig-zag in shape. It is essential that proper safety gear and clothing is ensured before the days trek is even started. The walk should be done very slowly and carefully; one small slip and anyone can get hurt very badly. But since there is no gain without pain, the gifts await you at the top. It is difficult to understand how someone could create the temple at such a height. The temple is basically traditional in design and construction and has been there for centuries. As the altitude increases, the air gets thinner, and the quantity of oxygen also decreases, this might lead to headaches and acute stomach pain, but don't worry, take some rest for a while. The temple is carved out of stones with ultimate precision and perfection; it installs divine intervention in your mind. From the temple, you can view Roopkund , the final trekking destination. The view is just magnificent one with shining and sparkling Trishul on one side and bell shaped Nandagunti on the other. You further follow up the uneven trail leading to Bhaguabasa at 1km distance from there. The region has its own specialities, flowers that bloom only during the monsoon months. You currently stand at a very high altitude of 14000ft and the terrain seems to look rough and not so easy to traverse.

Bhagwabasa to Roopkund and back to Bedni Bugyal

Start early on this day to reach the mega destination – Roopkund. At an altitude of more than 16000ft, it is surely the highest point on the trek. Though the path is not that complicated to climb, but even the 4km walk will take a breath out of you and tire you like hell. But no trekking is easy, right? During monsoon, the snow covering this area is very less and shallow, which makes the path reveal itself properly. From Bhaguabasa, your first checkpoint is Chhirianag which means ladder like snake. From this place, the next point lays Roopkund – The mystery island. The lake of skeletons is one of the most mysterious places in the world. Till date, even archaeologists, and scientists are not able to find out how there were so many skeletons on the bed of the lake. There are theories and fables which state that once a king and his fellowmen were going to Nanda Devi, and, unfortunately, a severe hailstorm led to their deaths. If you are extremely lucky, then from the edge of the lake you can clearly see somewhere around 300 human skeletons. This view in itself is breath taking and people go crazy after seeing this. From this place, the trek will be along a hard and steep terrain. After the steep climb gets over, you will find the Nanda Devi temple. This is very near to the Nanda Devi Biosphere reserve. A perfect site for taking good snaps with friends and other fellow trekkers. Depending upon the weather and the co-climbers conditions may decide to risk on the Junargali pass which stands 16700 feet from sea level. Without any meteorological interference, you would need about 45 minutes to climb. You will have to pass through Bhagwabasa on the return journey. These places are filled with sheer exhilaration and thrill. The descent along the path is twice difficult that of the ascent it is so steep that one might have the feeling of falling down from the top. Move along to discover a cave like structure called as Bhagwabasa or the abode of the tiger. You further climb down to reach PatarNachuni about 12500 above ground level. You continue backwards through Ghora Lautani back to Bedni Bughyal. Your day will end at the campsite amidst lush greenery. This trip is one of the longest, covering over a distance of 15km taking about10-15 hours for completion. The legs will push you to deep sleep as they need a lot of rest. But before going to bed, do realize the whole trek was not at all easy and requires a whole lot of determination and courage to complete it.

Patar Nachauni to Lohajung via Bedni and Wan

Day 7 is probably the last day of the trek where you will have to walk and return to the camp site at Day01. Descending and climbing up are two things that are very different, though the path remains the same. This time you travel on the right side of the trail and it seems a simple path as compared to the previous days strenuous affair. For the first time, you will see wooden huts dotted along the path. After travelling a little more, you are now able to see the road dividing itself into two lanes. You need to take the one which leads to right. It goes down and down, and as you descend further you can again see that you have entered the forest region with trees all along the lane. The bird tweeting and the cool aiwin past your ears are a treat that you will rarely get to feel. Due to the varying slope, trekkers are cautioned to take each and every step very carefully; otherwise one might end up hurting themselves. Shortcuts though may look rewarding must be avoided as much as possible as the terrain is pretty rough. After walking a few more yards you near an opening inside the dense forest called the Gahroli Patal. You continue our journey till you reach the banks of the river of Neel Ganga. Once you reach the river bed, your journey continues, till you reach the wan village called Ran ka Dhar. The village of Wan is the next stop after which you descend further. Wan feels like very much at home, a big village with hills and mountains covering the edges, a view to cherish all your lives. As you travel a few more yards at the road and you find the car waiting to pick you up. The distance covered for the day for the descent is nearly 18km and requires about 10 hours. It needs an hour from Wan to reach Lohargunj. The road taken by car is rocky. Once you reach back the tourist guest house you can rejoice all the memories of the trip and comfortably sleep on the warm bed.

Lohajung to kathgodam

Wake up early in the morning; have a nice cup of tea and an awesome hillside breakfast. Today you will leave for Lohargunj, along with all the beautiful and unforgettable memories pack your own stuffs and luggage. Your cab will drop you at the Kathgodam railway station. The car journey will take something around 10 hours, and do make sure that you are carrying mint and tablets which prevent nausea. From Kathgodam railway station, you will find trains to various locations. Board your respective train and take along a healthy experience with memories that will never fade away.

Day-1: Kathgodam to Lohajung

• Altitude 7,662 ft.
• Stay in guest house.
• Drive 210 km (10 hrs drive).
• Local market and network is available.
• Pick up time 06:00 am at the parking of Kathgodham railway station.
• Route:- Kathgodam - Bheem Tal - Almora - Kausani - Gwaldam - Dewal - Lohajung.

Day-2: Lohargunj to Didna Village

• Trek 6.5 km.
• 7,662 to 8,045 ft.
• Reach Didna before lunch.
• accommodation in village home stay.
• No local market but Network is available.
• Till ruan bagad bridge gradual descent (4.5 km).
• Refill your water bottle at ruan bagad bridge from Neel Ganga river.
• After ruan bagad bridge 2 hours of a steep ascent to Didna Village (2 km).

Day-3: Didna Village to Ali Bugyal

• Trek 10.5 km.
• 8,045 to 11,320 ft.
• Accommodation in tent.
• Carry water and ors both.
• Reach Ali Bugyal by late noon.
• Keep your wind and waterproof handy.
• Tolpani is the last point for drinking water.
• First half of is through oak and rhododendron forest (Steep ascent).
• Second half of the trek is through big alpine meadows (gradual ascent).

Day-4: Ali Bugyal to Patar Nachauni via Bedni Bugyal and Ghora Lotani

• 11,320 to 12,818 ft.
• Easiest day of the trek.
• Reach Patar Nachauni before lunch.
• Ali Bugyal to Bedni Bugyal (gradual ascent 2 km).
• Bedni Bugyal to Ghora Lotani (gradual ascent 4 km).
• Ghora Lotani to Patar Nachauni (gradual descent 1 km).
• Spend some time at Ghora Lotani good for acclimatization.
• Ware proper clothing (this is the place where most of the trekkers get AMS).

Day-5: Patar Nachauni to Bhagwabasa via Kalu Vinayak

• 12,818 to 14,117 ft.
• Reached Camp site by lunch.
• Patar Nachauni to Kalu Vinayak Tempel .
• (first 1 km is gradual ascent and rest 1.5 km is steep ascent).
• Kalu Vinayak to Bhagwabasa (gradual descent 1.5 km, become tricky in may and June ).
• There will be snow on the trail in the month of may and jun and in sep and oct it will be a rocky trail.

Day-6: Bhagwabasa to Roopkund and back to Bedni Bugyal

• Trek 10 km.
• 14,117 to 15755 ft.
• Start your trek by 4:00 am.
• Climb to Roopkund is 3 km.
• Challenging day of the trek.
• Carry energy bars, ors and water.
• Breakfast will be at Roopkund top.
• Reach Bhagwabasa back by lunch time.
• Reach Patar Nachauni camp by evening.
• In Aug, Sep, Oct can see skeleton but no snow.
• In May and Jun snow will be there but can't see the skeleton.

Day-7: Patar Nachauni to Lohajung via Bedni and Wan

• Trek 15 km.
• 12,818 to 7,662 ft.
• Accommodation in guest house.
• Patar Nachauni to Ghora Lotani (1 km gradual ascent).
• Ghora Lotani to Bedni Bugyal ( 4 km gradual descent).
• Bedni Bugyal to Doliya Dhar ( 0.5 km gradual walk).
• Doliya Dhar to Ghaeroli Patal ( 3 km steep descent ).
• Ghaeroli Patal to Neel Ganga ( 4 km steep descent ).
• Neel Ganga to Ranka Dhar ( 1 km moderate ascent ).
• Ranka Dhat to Wan Village road head ( 1.5 km gradual descent).
• Wan Village to Loharjung ( 45 minutes drive, road condition is not good).
• Route :- Patar Nachauni - Ghora Lotani - Bedni Bugyal - Doliya Dhar - Ghaeroli Patal - Neel Ganga - Ranka Dhar - Wan Village - drive to Lohajung.

Day-8: Lohajung to kathgodam

• 10 hrs drive.
• Drive 210 km.
• Reach Kathgodam by 6:00 pm.
• On the way to Kathgodam at Kausani you can buy herbal tea and some souvenir.

Roopkund trek in Seasons.

Summer Treks (April, May, June) 1. Less colder. 2. More windy. 3. Weather is unpredictable. 4. Cant see human skeleton. 5. Roopkund is in frozen condition. 6. Higher camps covered with snow. 7. Natural source of drinking water are easily available. 8. Best for those who want to see snow and want to do a difficult level of trek.

Autumn Treks (September, October, November) 1. Less windy. 2. More colder. 3. Mostly clear weather. 4. Can see human skeleton. 5. No snow at any camp site. 6. Roopkund lake is properly visible. 7. Natural source of drinking water are limited. 8. Best for those who want to see greenery and want to do moderate level of trek.

Pulse rate at rest must be in between (60 to 90 beats per minute).

Blood Pressure Reading must be in between (DIASTOLIC 70 – 90, SYSTOLIC 100 - 140 mm Hg).

Respiratory rate at rest must be in between (12 to 20 breaths per minute).

Should not have Liver and kidney issues.

Should not have Diabetes Mellitus, Bronchial Asthma, Heart problems, Hypertension, etc.

No pacemaker implant.

People with Sinus issues, Epilepsy please contact to trek coordinator before booking the trek.

If your BMI is not normal, Please contact our Trek coordinator before Trek booking.

        Medical & Disclaimer Form (Mandatory Documents) Click here to download Medical & Disclaimer Form

• Government Employees can avail the benefit of Special Casual Leave (SCL) when they join us for a trekking expedition. As per the rules of the Pay Commission, Special Casual Leave can be availed for up to 30 days in a calendar year for trekking/mountaineering expeditions through a registered organization. Trek The Himalayas is a registered adventure tour operator by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation (IMF) and the Ministry Of Tourism (MOT).
• Trekkers have to apply for leave at least 20 days before the trek departure date.
• This service is exclusive to Indian government employees and is applicable only for treks within India.
• Do mail at info@trekthehimalayas to apply and mention your booked trek date and trek name.

Junior trekkers (below 15 years) should have a company of parents/guardians.

Trekkers between 15 to 18 years can come solo with the disclaimer form signed by parent/guardian.

• Medical & Disclaimer Form (Mandatory Documents) Click here to download Medical & Disclaimer Form

Exercise For Moderate to Difficult

Fitness Regime For:

Calculate Your Bmi

Your BMI value is

Congratulations, your body is in good conditions!

• Mandatory Documents to Bring on A Trek  Click Here.

How To Reach

Pick-up information.

• It is essential for everyone to arrive at Rishikesh (06:00 am)
• Pick-up Location - Tapovan, Landmark -Nainital Bank opposite Shiv Vilas Hotel
• Once you have reached Rishikesh, TTH will manage the rest of your travel arrangements, if you have opted for TTH's pick-up service, you can select this option during the booking process by adding it as an add-on.

Options to Reach Rishikesh 

First, you can arrive at Delhi, Dehradun airport or Chandigarh. The journey from these locations to Rishikesh is explained below.

1. Take overnight train/bus to Rishikesh.

2. Take overnight train/bus to Haridwar and drive to Rishikesh (25km | 35 min drive with normal traffic).

3. Take overnight train/bus to Dehradun and drive to Rishikesh (50km | 1hr 20min drive with normal traffic).

( We always recommend going for the govt. Buses over the private ones outside the bus station as based on the experience we have found that there are very high chances of delay involved with private buses. Also, govt. Buses are always more reliable. Whichever bus you choose, just make sure to reach Rishikesh at least by 05:30 am. )

4.   Board a flight to Dehradun airport (Jolly Grant Airport) (21 km, 30 min). If you're arriving by air, then come one day in advance.

Drop-Off Information

• The designated drop-off point is Tapovan, Rishikesh.
• Reach in Rishikesh by 4:00 to 6:00 pm.
• Please consider planning your subsequent travel arrangements after 10:00 pm.

Note - In July and August month always have a buffer day in your Itinerary due to Monsoon.

• It's highly advisable to keep a buffer day in your travel plan. If the buffer day is not needed, it can be used to explore Rishikesh.

( If you prefer to travel independently to Base camp and don't want to take TTH's pick-up service, you can either take a government bus or book a private cab from Rishikesh. Your trek coordinator will provide guidance on how to arrange for the bus or cab booking. )

• TTH offers comfortable transportation through Tempo Traveler, Bolero, or equivalent vehicles. If you wish to upgrade your mode of transportation, please contact your trek coordinator for further assistance.

1. Accommodation (as per the itinerary):

• Guest house, Home Stay.
• Camping while the trek (Twin sharing basis).

2. Meals (Veg + Egg):

• Meals while on trek(Veg + Egg).

3. Support:

• 1 Versatile base camp manager: handles communication and deploys extra manpower in emergencies.
• 1 Mountaineering & First aid qualified professional trek Leader.
• 1 Experienced high altitude chef.
• Local experienced guides (Number of guides depending on the group size).
• Enough support staff.

4. Trek equipment:

• Sleeping bag, Sleeping liners (if required), Mattress, Utensils.
• 3 men all season trekker tent (twin sharing), Kitchen & Dining tent, Toilet tent.
• Camping stool, Walkie talkie.
• Ropes, Helmet, Ice axe, Harness, Gaiters & Crampon (if required).

5. First aid:

• Medical kit,Stretcher,Oxygen cylinder,Blood pressure monitor,Oximeter,Stethoscope.

6. Transportation (as per the itinerary):

• Transport from Loharjung to Loharjung.

7. Mules/porters to carry the central luggage. 8. Clock room facility available at the base camp for additional luggage. 9. All necessary permits and entry fees, Upto the amount charged for Indian.

10.  Trek Completion Certificate.

1. Insurance (Mandatory). 2. Food during the transit. 3. Any kind of personal expenses. 4. Mule or porter to carry personal luggage. 5. Emergency evacuation, hospitalization charge or etc. 6. Anything not specifically mentioned under the head Inclusion.

Things can be provided on demand and availability (participant has to pay extra for these things).

1- Satellite phone/set phone - is a type of mobile phone that connects via radio links via satellites orbiting the Earth instead of terrestrial cell sites like cellphones. Therefore, they can operate in most geographic locations on the Earth's surface.

2- Gamow/PAC HAPO Bag (Portable Hyperbaric Bag) - is a unique, portable hyperbaric chamber for the treatment of acute mountain sickness (AMS), also known as altitude sickness.

3- AEDs (Automated External Defibrillators) - are portable life-saving devices designed to treat people experiencing sudden cardiac arrest, a medical condition in which the heart stops beating suddenly and unexpectedly.

Cancellation terms:

Cancellations prior to 25 days from the start of the Trip

Refund options

• 5% deduction of trek fee
• 100% cash voucher for any trip till one year
• Transfer your trek (any trek, any date) to your friend

Cancellation between 24 days and 15 days to the start of the Trip

• 30% deduction of trek fee
• 100% cash voucher for same trip till one year
• 85% cash voucher for any trip till one year
• Transfer your trek (same trek, any date) to your friend

Cancellation between 14 days and 10 days to the start of the Trip

• 50% deduction of trek fee
• 80% cash voucher for same trip till one year
• 70% cash voucher for any trip till one year
• Book the same trek, in the same season, with any other batch

Cancellation less than 9 days to the start of the trek

• No cash refund
• 20% cash voucher for the same trip till one year
• 10% cash voucher for any trip till one year
• Transfer your trek (same trek, same date) to your friend

Note- If a booking is made using a voucher or discount code, the policies related to vouchers and discounts cannot be modified.

In the unlikely event that TTH cancels a trek prior to the scheduled departure date:

While it is extremely rare for TTH to cancel a trek, we understand that unforeseen circumstances or natural disasters may occasionally require us to do so before the scheduled departure. These circumstances could include continuous rain or snow, thunderstorms, snowstorms, landslides, floods, earthquakes, or any other natural calamity that poses a risk to the safety of our trekkers. Additionally, unforeseeable events such as local riots, curfews, pandemics, lockdowns, government orders, or any similar situations that compromise the safety of the trekking experience may also necessitate a cancellation.

In the event of such a cancellation, TTH will provide you with a voucher equivalent to the amount you paid for the trek. This voucher can be redeemed for any of our treks within the next year, allowing you to still enjoy an adventure with us at a later date.

The issuance of a voucher is not applicable in situations where you are required to descend from the trek for any reason. The trek leader may make the decision to send you down from the trek due to factors such as insufficient fitness level, symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), high blood pressure, exceeding the designated turn-around-time, health concerns, or if you are found smoking, drinking, or violating the rules set for the trek. In such cases, the provision of a voucher does not apply.

In the rare event that TTH shifts a trek:

We would like to emphasize that weather conditions in high-altitude areas are highly unpredictable and can undergo sudden changes at any time, irrespective of the day. Additionally, circumstances beyond our control, such as natural disasters, political unrest, pandemics, and lockdowns, may impact the feasibility of conducting a trek. In cases where we are unable to proceed with an event due to such circumstances that are beyond our direct control, we will make every effort to provide you with an alternative trek that is safer and more suitable.

In such situations, we will issue a voucher to offset the cost difference between the originally scheduled trek and the alternative trek. This voucher can be redeemed at any time within one year from the date of issue. Please note that a refund fee or reimbursement of the cost difference is not applicable in these cases.

• Change of trek batch is dependent on the availability of seats in the batch
• In case of transferring a trek to a friend, he/she should satisfy all the mandatory requirements put forward by TTH
• TTH holds the right to change/cancel the policies, without prior notice
• Cash refund is applicable only in case of bookings made without using any promotional offer code or vouchers

Cash Voucher Terms:

• This is a non-transferable voucher
• The voucher cannot be merged with any other offer of Trek The Himalayas
• The voucher is valid for Trek booked directly with Trek The Himalayas in India
• To avail the voucher please use your register phone number or e-mail id
• All the other Terms of booking a trek with Trek The Himalayas are applicable to the voucher
• Trek The Himalayas holds rights to add/remove any of the Terms and Conditions without prior notice

Itineraries are based on information available at the time of planning and are subject to change. "Trek The Himalayas" reserves the right to change expedition dates, people or itineraries as conditions warrant. If a trip must be delayed or the itinerary changed due to bad weather, road conditions, transportation delays, government intervention, airline schedules, sickness, or other contingency for which TTH or its agents cannot make provision, the cost of delays and/or other changes are the responsibility of the participant. TTH reserves the right to decline, or accept, any individual as a trip member for any reason whatsoever.

Trek Essentials

PDF Of Trek Essential Download

Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ)

How to register/create an account with tth.

To register with TTH, visit our website - www.trekthehimalayas.com and create your account. To create your account you will need to use your email address and fill in all the details, set your unique password and your account is ready to use.

How to book a trek?

• To book a trek with TTH, you first need to register with us and create an account.
• Choose the trek that you want to do and click on available dates.
• You will land at the login page, fill in the required details.
• Add Participants, choose add-on services click on the Pay now button, choose your preferred payment method, and make the payment. TTH accepts multiple payment options, including credit/debit cards, net banking, and UPI.
• You will receive a confirmation email from TTH with all the necessary details about the trek, including the meeting point, transportation, accommodation, and other important instructions.

Click Here to watch Video

Made a payment but did not receive any confirmation.

please send an email to us at [email protected] or reach out to the numbers provided in the Help and Support section of your Trek Page. We will ensure that your issue is promptly resolved.

How to book off-load luggage and transportation?

To book services such as off-load luggage and transportation, you can find them listed as add-ons. These additional services can be booked at the time of your initial booking. If you miss booking add-ons during the initial reservation, you can log in anytime and easily book 4 days before the departure date add-ons through the platform.

If I have booked the wrong trek or date, how can I make changes?

In such a situation, please log in to your account and transfer your trek or date to the desired one within 12 hours or drop us an email at [email protected] 10 days before the departure date of the trek. After the initial 12-hour period, any changes will be processed according to the cancellation policy.

I am a beginner and confused which trek to book.

We recommend visiting our "Suggest Me a Trek" page. By filling out the form, our experts will contact you with the best possible trek options based on your preferences and experience level. Alternatively, you can reach out to us via email at [email protected] or give us a call using the numbers provided on our website for personalized assistance and recommendations.

How is family trek different from regular trek?

Family treks differ from regular treks by focusing on ease of difficulty, offering shorter durations for younger participants, Kid-friendly and easily digestible foods, child-friendly activities, maintaining a higher guide ratio for diverse age groups, and implementing additional safety measures for families.

Ideal treks for children.

Family Trek with Kids recommendation Only Dayara Bugyal and Chopta Chandrashila Trek.

Minimum age for children to trek with TTH.

Minimum age for TTH treks is typically 7 years, though this may vary depending on the specific trek.

Can we take children to high altitudes with their guardian?

Yes, you can take a kids to a high-altitude trek with a parent. Discuss with a trek expert before booking a trek.

Can we send kids without Parents/guardian?

Medical & Disclaimer Form (Mandatory Documents) Click here to download medical and disclaimer form

How to prepare a child for a high altitude trek?

Physical Fitness: Ensure your child is physically fit. Engage them in regular exercise, outdoor activities, and hikes to build stamina and endurance. Hydration: Emphasize the importance of staying hydrated at high altitudes. Encourage your child to drink water regularly, even if they don't feel thirsty. Proper Nutrition: Provide a well-balanced diet with sufficient carbohydrates for energy and foods rich in iron to prevent altitude sickness. Adequate Sleep: Ensure your child gets enough sleep in the days leading up to the trek. Quality rest is crucial for altitude adaptation. Educate on Altitude Sickness: Teach your child about the symptoms of altitude sickness, such as headache, nausea, and dizziness. Encourage them to communicate any discomfort immediately. Appropriate Clothing and Gear: Dress your child in layers to adjust to changing temperatures. Ensure they have appropriate trekking gear, including sturdy footwear. Positive Mindset: Foster a positive mindset. Encourage your child, and let them know it's okay to take breaks when needed. Medical Check-Up: Schedule a medical check-up before the trek to ensure your child is fit for high-altitude activities. Consult with a healthcare professional about any potential health concerns.

Kind of food will be served during the trek for children.

TTH takes special care to provide wholesome and nutritious food for children on treks. Here are some of the foods that are typically served for children: Breakfast: For breakfast, TTH serves a variety of options like porridge, cornflakes, bread, butter, jam, honey, boiled eggs, omelettes, and pancakes. Children can choose from these options to fuel themselves for the day's trek. Lunch: For lunch, TTH serves lunch which includes rotis, vegetables, rice, dal, and salad. The rotis are usually made fresh on the trek and are a good source of carbohydrates. The dal and vegetables provide protein and other essential nutrients. Snacks: TTH provides healthy snacks like fresh fruits, dry fruits, energy bars, cookies, and biscuits to keep the children energized throughout the day. Dinner: For dinner, TTH serves a hot and wholesome meal which includes soup, rice, dal, vegetables, and a non-vegetarian dish (if requested in advance). Children can also choose from a variety of desserts like custard, jelly, and fruit salad. Dietary requirements: If a child has any special dietary requirements, TTH can cater to those needs as well. For example, if a child is lactose intolerant or allergic to nuts, the kitchen staff can make arrangements to accommodate those requirements.

How to choose the right trek?

Choosing the right trek for a beginner can be a bit overwhelming as there are many factors to consider such as distance, elevation gain, terrain difficulty, weather, and time of year. Here are some tips that can help you choose the right trek for a beginner:

1. Determine fitness level:  Assess the fitness level of the beginner to understand their physical capabilities. This will help you select a trek that is challenging but not too difficult.

2. Choose a well-traveled trail:  A well-traveled trail will have more amenities such as signposts, water stations, and shelter. It is also safer as there will be other hikers on the trail.

3. Consider the length of the trek:  For beginners, it is recommended to start with a shorter trek that can be completed in a day or two. This will help them get acclimatized to trekking and build their confidence.

4. Look for gradual elevation gain:  Choose a trek with a gradual elevation gain rather than steep ascents. This will make the trek easier and more enjoyable.

5. Check the weather:  Check the weather forecast before selecting a trek. Avoid treks during the monsoon season or winter when the trails can be slippery or dangerous.

6. Research the trail:  Read about the trail to get an idea of the terrain, altitude, and difficulty level. This will help you select a trek that is suitable for the beginner.

7. Consult with an expert:  If you are unsure about which trek to choose, consult our trek expert Mr. Nitin (+91 70600 59773) between 10 AM to 6 PM (Tuesday - Friday). Mr. Nitin will provide you valuable advice and guidance.

Overall, it is important to choose a trek that is enjoyable, challenging but not too difficult, and suitable for the beginner's fitness level and experience.

Can a beginner choose a tough trek?

It is not recommended for a beginner to choose a difficult Himalayan trek. Trekking in the Himalayas can be physically and mentally challenging, especially if you are not used to the high altitude, steep slopes, and rugged terrain. Choosing a difficult trek without the proper experience, fitness level, and preparation can be dangerous and put you at risk of altitude sickness, injury, and other hazards.

If you are a beginner, it is recommended to start with an easier trek and gradually build up your skills and experience. This will help you understand the challenges of trekking in the Himalayas, and also prepare you physically and mentally for a more difficult trek in the future. It is also important to choose a trek that matches your fitness level, experience, and interest.

What is the age limit for a beginner trekker?

There is no specific age limit for a beginner trekker. However, it is important to consider your physical fitness, health condition, and personal interests before embarking on a trek. Trekking in the Himalayas can be physically and mentally demanding, and requires a certain level of physical fitness and endurance.

If you have any pre-existing medical conditions or are above a certain age, it is recommended to consult with a doctor before embarking on a trek. It is also important to listen to your body and take breaks as needed during the trek to prevent exhaustion or injury.

If I am solo, can I join the trek in a group?

Yes, you can join the trek. We have fixed departure groups where you can simply book your trek and we will take care of curating a group.

How does my family get updated about my Trek?

Before you start the trek, it is recommended that you make all the necessary phone calls as during the trek you may or may not receive network coverage, once you come back to the Base Camp, you can reconnect with your family via phone once again. You can share your trek coordinator contact detail with your family members to get the latest updates about your trek batch.

What food can I expect?

At TTH, we provide wholesome and nutritious meals during the trek. The food is vegetarian and includes a variety of dishes such as rice, dal, vegetables, chapati, paratha, pasta, noodles, and soup. We also offer snacks such as biscuits, and salty, and dry fruits during the trek. Special dietary requirements such as vegan, gluten-free, or Jain food can also be arranged if informed in advance.

I am allergic to some foods.

If you are allergic to some foods, you need to let us know in advance so that we can make arrangements accordingly.

How safe is trekking with TTH?

TTH is a trekking company that prioritizes the safety of all its participants, including women trekkers. They have a comprehensive safety system in place, which includes a dedicated team of experienced and trained trek leaders and support staff who are equipped to handle emergency situations and provide first aid.

TTH also takes specific measures to ensure the safety and comfort of women trekkers. They have a separate tent accommodation for women trekkers, female trek leaders, and support staff. They also provide separate toilet facilities for women and encourage a safe and respectful environment for all trekkers.

Moreover, TTH has a strict policy against any kind of harassment and has a zero-tolerance policy towards such incidents. They have a designated Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) to investigate and address any complaints related to harassment or misconduct. Overall, TTH has a good reputation for safety and responsible trekking practices, and women can feel comfortable and safe while trekking with them.

How TTH will manage if I am the only woman in the group?

In case you are the only women in the group, we provide a single sleeping arrangement. Also, during the trek, the trek leader will always remain by your side to provide optimum safety and reassurance.

How can I know that other women are in the batch?

You can reach out to the trek coordinator to inquire about the number of female trekkers and their respective states who have booked the trek. Please note that the trek coordinator cannot disclose personal details of any trekker. Once you've confirmed your booking, a WhatsApp Group will be created for all the trekkers in your batch. This allows you to connect with fellow trekkers before the trek begins.

Can I know in advance, which trek is led by a women Trek Leader?

While many of our treks are led by female trek leaders, however, it is not possible to know which trek leader is assigned to which group. But nonetheless, whether the trek leader is male or female you can be completely assured of your safety and security with us.

Can I trek with periods? If yes, then where can I dispose of the sanitary pad?

Yes, it is possible to trek with periods. However, it is important to take some extra precautions and preparations to ensure a comfortable and safe trekking experience.

Here are some tips that can help you trek during your period:

1. Use menstrual hygiene products that you are comfortable with, such as tampons, pads, or menstrual cups. It is recommended to carry enough supplies for the entire duration of the trek.

2. Pack wet wipes, hand sanitizer, and plastic bags to dispose of used hygiene products.

3. Wear comfortable and breathable clothing that allows for easy movement and reduces friction. Avoid wearing tight or restrictive clothing that can cause discomfort.

4. Carry pain relief medication, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, in case of menstrual cramps.

5. Stay hydrated and maintain a balanced diet to support your energy levels and overall health.

6. Take breaks as needed and listen to your body. If you feel uncomfortable or experience any unusual symptoms, seek medical attention immediately.

It is also recommended to consult with a doctor before going on a trek during your period, especially if you have a pre-existing medical condition or are taking medication. By taking necessary precautions and being prepared, you can have a safe and comfortable trekking experience even during your period.

We provide proper disposal facilities for sanitary pad disposal during the trek.

How will the accommodation be during the trek?

We offer three person tents with twin-sharing for optimum comfort. A woman trekker will share a tent with another woman trekker and if you are the only woman in the group, you will be given a single accommodation for your comfort and privacy.

Are trek poles, Jackets and other equipment available for rent from Trek The Himalayas?

Yes, we do provide gears on rent. You can book it using you TTH account directly.

Who will be with us on the trek from Trek The Himalayas?

Mountaineering qualified Experienced and first aid certified Trek Leader, First Aid Certify local guide, Cook, helpers and supporting staff.

Who can not join the trek?

People suffering from Bronchitis, Asthma, High blood pressure, Epilepsy (got faints), TB , Heart problem or on higher BMI side are strictly not allowed to go on any Himalayan trek. Apart from this if you had any medical history, please let us know.

When it gets really cold can I consume alcohol?

No. Alcohol and smoking isn’t allowed while on trek. It is totally misconception that it will keep you warm. Your body need to acclimatize properly and for that eat properly and drink enough water; these things will keep you warm.

What type of toilet facility is TTH providing at the trek?

Toilet tents provide a convenient solution for answering nature's call in the great outdoors. Dry toilets, in particular, offer a highly sanitary approach. By digging a pit and utilizing mud and a shovel, you can easily cover up your waste. This method ensures cleanliness and hygiene while camping or exploring in the forest. 

Remember to pack essential toiletries to complete your outdoor bathroom kit and maintain proper personal hygiene during your adventures. With these practices in place, you can enjoy nature while also respecting it.

How do I manage the negative temperatures on the trek at higher camps? Do I need special jackets?

Layer Up From Head To Toe Eat Full Meals, never sleep empty stomach You can keep warmee (if you’re more susceptible to cold). Use sleeping bag in right way and don’t leave free space in sleeping bag.

For upper body – Thermal layer – T-shirt (full-sleeves) – Fleece T-shirt (for extreme colds) – Fleece layer – Thick Jacket/Down Jacket – Waterproof or Windproof layer (outermost layer, when it is snowing or raining) - For Lower Body – Thermal layer – Hiking pants (normal) or Winter hiking pants

Based on how warm you feel you can skip any of the above layers. Your outer later should be windproof since it is windy at high altitude. The idea behind layering is that the more insulation you have the less cold you feel, and instead of wearing a very thick jacket if you wear multiple layers, your body will be better insulated against the cold.

Do you provide crampon/micro spikes and gaiters?

Yes, we provide micro spikes and gaiters, if required.

What documents need to carry on trek?

Mandatory documents: 2 xerox of ID having address (addhar card/driving license), 2 Passport size photographs, hard copy Medical form signed & sealed by doctor, disclaimer form sign by trekker and high altitude insurance.

If we come prior the trek date, Do you provide accommodation?

No. We don’t but we can suggest you good hotel/Stay nearby pick up location.

Do we get enough water for drinking?

Yes, trekker must carry 2 water bottles 1 litre each so they can refill it at campsite for drinking and keep themselves hydrate.

What kind of shoes we should buy for the trek?

You should buy shoes which has these three features –Good grip, Ankle Support and additional water resistant layers. Generally, we advise Quechua Trek 100, MH 500 and MH 100.

What happens if some members of the team need to turn back before the summit?

No one is forced to go on. There is always enough staff to split the party according to need and regroup later at the camp. Most people have no trouble reaching the highest campsite. If some members decide not to climb the final distance they can wait for the climbers to come back down the same way or take a lateral path to the descent route.

What makes Trek The Himalayas Best Trekking Company in India?

Trek The Himalayas is the safest and most trusted trekking organization in India. Our deep expertise and commitment ensure that each trekker can fully immerse in the Himalayan beauty while experiencing a well-organized and memorable journey. We are proud to be recognized among the best trekking companies in India and have been awarded the PHD Samman Award two years consecutively for Best Adventure Tour Operator . Our founders, themselves are proficient mountaineers and belong to the hilly states of India. At TTH we follow all the safety protocols. Our Trek Leaders are expertly trained in First Aid and Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) management. The extensive experience is a key factor in establishing us as the best trekking company in India .

Explore the best trekking companies in India and see what sets them apart. 

What is the Roopkund Trek?

The Roopkund Trek is a journey of adventure and discovery that takes you through some of the most stunning landscapes of the Indian Himalayas. The trek is named after the mysterious Roopkund Lake, also known as the Skeleton Lake, which is situated at an altitude of 15, 696 feet. The trek is a perfect blend of natural beauty, adventure, and culture, as it takes you through dense forests, alpine meadows, glacial valleys, and traditional Himalayan villages. The highlight of the trek is the Roopkund Lake, which is surrounded by snow-capped peaks and offers breathtaking views of the surrounding mountains. The lake is also known for its mysterious skeletons, which are believed to be the remains of ancient travelers who perished in a hailstorm. The Roopkund Trek is a must-do for anyone seeking an unforgettable trekking experience in the Himalayas.

How long is the Roopkund Trek?

Roopkund Trek is a 53 km trek.

What is the duration of the Roopkund Trek?

Roopkund Trek takes 8 days to complete the trek.

What is the best time to do the Roopkund Trek?

The best time to do the Roopkund Trek is during summer (mid-Apr to Jun) and autumn (Sep to mid-Nov) .

What is the maximum altitude reached during the Roopkund Trek?

The maximum altitude reached during the Roopkund Trek is 15,696 ft .

What is the difficulty level of the Roopkund Trek?

Roopkund Trek is a moderate - difficult grade trek.

What are the highlights of the Roopkund Trek?

The highlights of the Roopkund Trek include the Roopkund Lake, grand views of Chaukhambha Range, Kedarnath, Kedar Dome, and Neelkanth Peak, camping in picturesque campsites.

What is the accommodation like during the Roopkund Trek?

During the Roopkund Trek , you will stay in a guest house in the base camp, and on the slopes you will be staying in tents (twin-sharing).

Is it safe to do the Roopkund Trek?

Yes, it is safe to do Roopkund Trek with an expert organization. However, it is always advisable to take necessary precautions and follow safety guidelines issued by the Trek Leaders and guide while trekking in the mountains.

What are the essential items to carry during the Roopkund Trek?

Here's a list of essential items to pack for the Roopkund Trek:

Trekking shoes: A good pair of trekking shoes with a sturdy sole and ankle support is essential for the trek.

Backpack: A backpack with a capacity of 40-50 litres is suitable for carrying your essentials, including clothing, food, and water.

Warm clothing: The temperature at high altitudes can drop significantly, so it's important to carry warm clothing, including thermal layers, fleece jackets, and a down jacket.

Rain gear: The weather in the mountains can be unpredictable, so it's important to carry a rain jacket and pants to stay dry.

Trekking pants: Lightweight, quick-drying pants that are comfortable to walk in are ideal for the trek.

Headlamp or flashlight: A headlamp or flashlight with extra batteries is necessary for navigating through dark trails and campsites.

Water bottle: A reusable water bottle with a capacity of at least 1 litre is necessary to stay hydrated during the trek.

Sunglasses and sunscreen: The sun's UV rays can be strong at high altitudes, so it's important to carry sunglasses and sunscreen with a high SPF.

Basic first aid kit: A basic first aid kit with essential items like band-aids, antiseptic cream, and pain relievers can come in handy in case of injuries.

Personal hygiene kit: Toiletries like wet wipes, hand sanitizer, and tissues can help you maintain personal hygiene during the trek.

Do I need to have the prior trekking experience to go for the Roopkund Trek?

Yes, it is recommended to have prior trekking experience before attempting the Roopkund Trek as it is considered a moderately difficult trek. The trail involves steep ascents and descents, and the altitude can also be a challenge. It is important to have good physical fitness and stamina to complete the trek comfortably. Prior trekking experience can help you to be better prepared for the challenges of the trek, such as acclimatization, managing your energy levels, and dealing with the rugged terrain. However, if you are in good physical condition and have a positive attitude, with proper guidance and preparation, you can still attempt the Roopkund Trek even if you are a beginner.

Is it necessary to take a guide for the Roopkund Trek?

Yes, it is highly recommended to hire a professional expert for the Roopkund Trek , especially if you are a beginner or have limited trekking experience. A professional can provide you with valuable assistance, including knowledge of the local terrain, weather conditions, and the culture of the region. They can also help you with navigation and ensure your safety throughout the trek.

Explore Most Informative Articles on Roopkund Trek

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40 Best Himalayan Treks in India for 2024

Discover the 40 Best Himalayan Treks in India for 2024! The Himalayas, stretching across India’s northern frontier, offer a stunning array of trekking adventures suitable for all skill levels. From the iconic Everest Base Camp to the serene Valley of Flowers, each trek unveils unique landscapes, diverse flora, and vibrant cultures. Whether you're seeking challenging climbs, scenic hikes, or cultural experiences, the Indian Himalayas have something for every adventurer. Explore these top treks to embrace breathtaking views, ancient trails, and unforgettable journeys in one of the world's most majestic mountain ranges. Gear up for an extraordinary trekking experience in the Himalayas.

Roopkund Trek in Uttarakhand, Mysterious Trek - Trek The Himalayas

Planning for the Roopkund Trek? Renowned as one of the most popular treks in India, Roopkund offers a thrilling adventure through stunning landscapes and high-altitude trails. Trek The Himalayas invites you to embark on this iconic journey, which includes traversing through picturesque meadows, dense forests, and breathtaking mountain vistas. Known for its mysterious 'Skeleton Lake' and spectacular views of the Himalayas, Roopkund Trek promises an unforgettable experience. To book your trek at the lowest price, call now at 9917724737. With expert guidance and a well-planned itinerary, Trek The Himalayas ensures a safe and memorable adventure. Don’t miss out on this chance to explore one of India’s most sought-after trekking destinations.

Brahmatal Trek - Best Himalayan Trek in Uttarakhand

Experience the breathtaking beauty of Brahmatal, one of the most enchanting Himalayan treks, with Trek The Himalayas! We offer the best Brahmatal trek tour package, combining exceptional services at the lowest prices. This trek takes you through stunning landscapes, including pristine lakes, lush forests, and panoramic views of majestic peaks. As you ascend to the beautiful Brahmatal Lake, you’ll be captivated by the serene surroundings and the tranquility of nature. Our experienced guides ensure your safety and provide valuable insights about the region, making your journey even more enriching. With Trek The Himalayas, you can expect comfortable accommodations, delicious meals, and personalized attention throughout the trek. Don't miss out on this incredible adventure! Book your Brahmatal trek with us today and embark on a journey that will create unforgettable memories in the heart of the Himalayas!

Why is Roopkund trek recommended for Corporate Personnel?

The Roopkund trek is a fantastic choice for corporate personnel, offering a unique blend of team-building, leadership challenges, and a rejuvenating Himalayan experience. This trek provides an excellent opportunity for colleagues to bond and collaborate as they tackle diverse terrains, from lush forests to snow-clad peaks. The challenges faced on the trail encourage teamwork and communication, essential skills in the corporate world. Additionally, the trek presents leadership challenges that help in honing decision-making abilities and building resilience. The stunning landscapes and peaceful surroundings offer a much-needed break from the office, allowing participants to recharge and return with renewed energy and perspective. Trek The Himalayas recommends the Roopkund trek for corporate groups seeking an unforgettable adventure that strengthens team dynamics and fosters personal growth.

Roopkund Trek - A stunning journey through the Himalayas

Embark on the iconic Roopkund Trek and uncover the mysteries of Skeleton Lake. This adventure is one of the most thrilling Uttarakhand treks and offers a unique opportunity to explore the breathtaking Himalayan landscapes. Known for its enigmatic lake filled with ancient human skeletons, the trek takes you through diverse terrains, from lush forests and alpine meadows to snow-capped peaks. As you trek in Uttarakhand, you'll experience the beauty of the Himalayas, encounter traditional villages, and witness panoramic views of majestic mountains. Ideal for those seeking an unforgettable trekking experience in India, the Roopkund Trek promises both adventure and awe-inspiring scenery. Join us to discover the allure of this legendary trek and immerse yourself in the wonders of the Himalayas.

Discover how Trek the Himalayas is preserving nature with Green Trails

'Trek the Himalayas' made significant strides in preserving the pristine beauty of the Himalayas through its Green Trails initiative. This effort focused on cleaning up the mountains, ensuring that trekking in the Himalayas remains a sustainable and enjoyable experience for all. As part of our commitment to environmental stewardship, we organized extensive cleanup drives on popular Himalayan treks, removing waste and educating trekkers on the importance of leaving no trace. Our dedicated team worked tirelessly to reclaim and restore natural landscapes, demonstrating that responsible Himalayan adventure is not only possible but essential. By participating in these green initiatives, we aim to protect the delicate ecosystems and enhance the trekking experience for future generations. Join us in our mission to maintain the breathtaking beauty of Himalayan treks and contribute to a cleaner, greener environment.

Our Roopkund Itinerary: Feel-Safe and Frustration-Free

Discover the feel-safe and frustration-free Roopkund itinerary with Trek The Himalayas. Our expertly planned route ensures a seamless trekking experience from start to finish. We've meticulously crafted every aspect of the journey to minimize challenges and maximize enjoyment. The itinerary is designed to provide ample acclimatization time, manageable daily distances, and comfortable accommodations, all while showcasing the stunning beauty and intrigue of Roopkund. With our fail-safe approach, you can focus on soaking in the breathtaking landscapes and uncovering the mysteries of this high-altitude glacial lake, without worrying about logistical hassles. Join us for a well-organized adventure that promises to be both smooth and memorable, allowing you to fully enjoy the grandeur of Roopkund and the thrill of the trek.

Uttarakhand trekking Places to Visit in 2024

Those who love to trek the Himalayas know that the best experiences can be found by trekking in Uttarakhand, home to stunning destinations like Har ki Dun, Nag Tibba, Gaumukh Tapovan, Chopta Chandrashila, and more. First-time trekkers can choose from easy to moderate trails, such as the Roopkund Trek, known for its Mystery Lake and scenic views of Bedni Bugyal and Mt. Trishul, or the Valley of Flowers Trek, ideal for witnessing a vibrant array of flora and visiting Hemkund Sahib. The Pindari Glacier Trek offers a moderately challenging six-day adventure through rhododendron forests and meadows to the Pindari Glacier summit, while experienced trekkers can opt for the challenging Kedar Tal Trek, featuring stunning reflections of Thalaysagar peak. For a blend of nature and adventure, the Chopta Chandrashila Trek provides breathtaking views of Himalayan peaks like Nanda Devi and Chaukhamba, with Deoriatal's frozen lake as a highlight. Explore these top trekking places in Uttarakhand for an unforgettable Himalayan adventure.

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• Open access
• Published: 20 August 2019

Ancient DNA from the skeletons of Roopkund Lake reveals Mediterranean migrants in India

• Éadaoin Harney 1 , 2 , 3 ,
• Ayushi Nayak 4   na1 ,
• Nick Patterson 5 , 6 ,
• Pramod Joglekar 7 ,
• Veena Mushrif-Tripathy   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4749-1316 7 ,
• Swapan Mallick 3 , 5 , 8 ,
• Nadin Rohland 3 ,
• Jakob Sedig   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6642-7734 3 ,
• Nicole Adamski 3 , 8 ,
• Rebecca Bernardos 3 ,
• Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5350-1608 3 , 8 ,
• Brendan J. Culleton 9 , 10 ,
• Matthew Ferry 3 , 8 ,
• Thomas K. Harper 10 ,
• Megan Michel 3 , 8 , 11 ,
• Jonas Oppenheimer 3 , 8 ,
• Kristin Stewardson 3 , 8 ,
• Zhao Zhang 3 ,
• Harashawaradhana 12 ,
• Maanwendra Singh Bartwal 12 ,
• Sachin Kumar 13 , 14 ,
• Subhash Chandra Diyundi   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9172-5944 15 ,
• Patrick Roberts   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4403-7548 4 ,
• Nicole Boivin 4 ,
• Douglas J. Kennett 16   na1 ,
• Kumarasamy Thangaraj 13   na1 ,
• David Reich 2 , 3 , 5 , 8   na1 &
• Niraj Rai 13 , 14   na1  

Nature Communications volume  10 , Article number:  3670 ( 2019 ) Cite this article

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• Archaeology
• Genetic variation

Situated at over 5,000 meters above sea level in the Himalayan Mountains, Roopkund Lake is home to the scattered skeletal remains of several hundred individuals of unknown origin. We report genome-wide ancient DNA for 38 skeletons from Roopkund Lake, and find that they cluster into three distinct groups. A group of 23 individuals have ancestry that falls within the range of variation of present-day South Asians. A further 14 have ancestry typical of the eastern Mediterranean. We also identify one individual with Southeast Asian-related ancestry. Radiocarbon dating indicates that these remains were not deposited simultaneously. Instead, all of the individuals with South Asian-related ancestry date to ~800 CE (but with evidence of being deposited in more than one event), while all other individuals date to ~1800 CE. These differences are also reflected in stable isotope measurements, which reveal a distinct dietary profile for the two main groups.

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Introduction.

Nestled deep in the Himalayan mountains at 5029 m above sea level, Roopkund Lake is a small body of water (~40 m in diameter) that is colloquially referred to as Skeleton Lake due to the remains of several hundred ancient humans scattered around its shores (Fig.  1 ) 1 . Little is known about the origin of these skeletons, as they have never been subjected to systematic anthropological or archaeological scrutiny, in part due to the disturbed nature of the site, which is frequently affected by rockslides 2 , and which is often visited by local pilgrims and hikers who have manipulated the skeletons and removed many of the artifacts 3 . There have been multiple proposals to explain the origins of these skeletons. Local folklore describes a pilgrimage to the nearby shrine of the mountain goddess, Nanda Devi, undertaken by a king and queen and their many attendants, who—due to their inappropriate, celebratory behavior—were struck down by the wrath of Nanda Devi 4 . It has also been suggested that these are the remains of an army or group of merchants who were caught in a storm. Finally, it has been suggested that they were the victims of an epidemic 5 .

Context of Roopkund Lake. a Map showing the location of Roopkund Lake. The approximate route of the Nanda Devi Raj Jat pilgrimage relative to Roopkund Lake is shown in the inset. b Image of disarticulated skeletal elements scattered around the Roopkund Lake site. Photo by Himadri Sinha Roy. c Image of Roopkund Lake and surrounding mountains. Photo by Atish Waghwase

To shed light on the origin of the skeletons of Roopkund, we analyzed their remains using a series of bioarcheological analyses, including ancient DNA, stable isotope dietary reconstruction, radiocarbon dating, and osteological analysis. We find that the Roopkund skeletons belong to three genetically distinct groups that were deposited during multiple events, separated in time by approximately 1000 years. These findings refute previous suggestions that the skeletons of Roopkund Lake were deposited in a single catastrophic event.

Bioarcheological analysis of the Roopkund skeletons

We obtained genome-wide data from 38 individuals by extracting DNA from powder drilled from long bones, producing next-generation sequencing libraries, and enriching them for approximately 1.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from across the genome 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , obtaining an average coverage of 0.51 × at targeted positions (Table  1 , Supplementary Data  1 ). We also obtained PCR-based mitochondrial haplogroup determinations for 71 individuals (35 of these were ones for whom we also obtained genome-wide data that confirmed the PCR-based determinations) (Table  2 , Supplementary Note  1 ). We generated stable isotope measurements (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) from 45 individuals, including 37 for whom we obtained genome-wide genetic data, and we obtained direct radiocarbon dates for 37 individuals for whom we also had both genetic and isotope data (Table  1 ).

In this study, we also present an osteological assessment of health and stature performed on a different set of bones from Roopkund; this report was drafted well before genetic results from Roopkund were available but was never formally published (an edited version of the original report is presented here as Supplementary Note  2 ). The analysis suggests that the Roopkund individuals were broadly healthy, but also identifies three individuals with unhealed compression fractures; the report hypothesizes that these injuries could have transpired during a violent hailstorm of the type that sometimes occurs in the vicinity of Roopkund Lake, while also recognizing that other scenarios are plausible. The report also identifies the presence of both very robust and tall individuals (outside the range of almost all South Asians), and more gracile individuals, and hypothesizes based on this the presence of at least two distinct groups of individuals, consistent with our genetic findings (Supplementary Note  2 ).

Our analysis of the genome-wide data from 38 Roopkund individuals shows that they include both genetic males ( n  = 23) and females ( n  = 15)—consistent with the physical anthropology evidence for the presence of both males and females (Supplementary Note  2 ). The relatively similar proportions of males and females is difficult to reconcile with the suggestion that these individuals might have been part of a military expedition. We detected no relative pairs (3rd degree or closer) among the sequenced individuals 10 , providing evidence against the idea that the Roopkund skeletons might represent the remains of groups of families. We also found no evidence that the individuals were infected with bacterial pathogens, providing no support for the suggestion that these individuals died in an epidemic, although we caution that failure to find evidence for pathogen DNA in long bone powder may simply reflect the fact that it was present at too low a concentration to detect (Supplementary Note  3 ) 11 .

Roopkund skeletons form three genetically distinct groups

We explored the genetic diversity of the 38 Roopkund individuals using a previously established Principal Component Analysis (PCA) that is effective at visualizing genetic variation of diverse present-day people from South Asia (a term we use to refer to the territories of the present day countries of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Bhutan) relative to West Eurasian-related groups (a term we use to refer to the cluster of ancestry types common in Europe, the Near East, and Iran) and East Asian-related groups (a term we apply to the cluster of ancestry types common in East Asia including China, Japan, Southeast Asia, and western Indonesia) 12 . We find that the Roopkund individuals cluster into three distinct groups, which we will henceforth refer to as Roopkund_A, Roopkund_B, and Roopkund_C (Fig.  2a ). Individuals in Roopkund_A ( n  = 23) fall along a genetic gradient that includes most present-day South Asians. However, they do not fall in a tight cluster along this gradient, suggesting that they do not comprise a single endogamous group, and instead derive from a diversity of groups. Individuals belonging to the Roopkund_B cluster ( n  = 14) do not fall along this gradient, and instead fall near present-day West Eurasians, suggesting that Roopkund_B individuals possess West Eurasian-related ancestry. A single individual, Roopkund_C, falls far from all other Roopkund individuals in the PCA, between the Onge (Andaman Islands) and Han Chinese, suggesting East Asian-related ancestry.

Genetic Structure of the Skeletons of Roopkund Lake. a Principal component analysis (PCA) of 1,453 present day individuals from selected groups throughout mainland South Asia (highlighted in gray). French individuals (representing the location where West Eurasian populations are known to cluster) are shown in purple, Chinese individuals are shown (representing the location where East Asian populations are known to cluster) in orange, and Andamanese individuals are shown in teal; the 38 Roopkund individuals are projected. b PCA of 988 present day West Eurasians with the Roopkund individuals projected. The PCA plot is truncated to remove Sardinians and southern Levantine groups; Present-day Greeks are shown in blue, Cretans in pink, Iranians in green, and all other West Eurasian populations in gray. A gray polygon encloses all the individuals in each Roopkund group with > 100,000 SNPs. c ADMIXTURE analysis of 2344 present-day and 1877 ancient individuals with K  = 4 ancestral components. Only a subset of individuals with ancestries relevant to the interpretation of the Roopkund individuals are shown. Consistent with the PCA, Roopkund_A has ancestry most closely matching Indian groups; Roopkund_B has ancestry most closely matching Greek and Cretan groups; and Roopkund_C has ancestry most closely matching Southeast Asian groups. Genetic differentiation (F ST ) between Roopkund_A ( d ) and diverse present-day populations, and Roopkund_B ( e ) and diverse present-day populations. We only plotted present-day populations for which we have latitudes and longitudes; deeper red coloration indicates less differentiation to the Roopkund genetic cluster being analyzed. The plotted data are provided in a Source Data file

To further understand the West Eurasian-related affinity in the Roopkund_B cluster, we projected all the Roopkund individuals onto a second PCA designed to distinguish between sub-components of West Eurasian-related ancestry 13 , 14 (Fig.  2b ). Individuals assigned to the Roopkund_A and Roopkund_C groups cluster towards the top right of the PCA plot, close to present-day groups with Iranian ancestry, consistent with where populations with South Asian or East Asian ancestry cluster when projected onto such a plot 13 . Individuals belonging to the Roopkund_B group cluster toward the center of the plot, close to present-day people from mainland Greece and Crete 15 . We observe consistent patterns using the automated clustering software ADMIXTURE 16 (Fig.  2c ) and in pairwise F ST statistics (Fig.  2d, e , Supplementary Data  2 ). The visual evidence from the PCA suggests that two individuals from the Roopkund_B group might represent genetic outliers (Fig.  2b ). However, symmetry f 4 -statistics show that the two apparent outliers (one of which has relatively low coverage) are statistically indistinguishable in ancestry from individuals of the main Roopkund_B cluster relative to diverse comparison populations (Supplementary Data  3 ), and so we lump all the Roopkund_B individuals together in what follows.

Skeletons at Roopkund Lake were deposited in multiple events

The discovery of multiple, genetically distinct groups among the skeletons of Roopkund Lake raises the question of whether these individuals died simultaneously or during separate events. We used Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating to determine the age of the remains. We successfully generated radiocarbon dates from all but one of the individuals for which we have genetic data, using the same stocks of bone powder that we used for genetic analysis to ensure that the dates correspond directly to the genetic groupings. We find that the Roopkund_A and Roopkund_B groups are separated in time by ~1000 years, with the calibrated dates for individuals assigned to the Roopkund_A group ranging from the 7th–10th centuries CE, and the calibrated dates for individuals assigned to the Roopkund_B group ranging from the 17th–20th centuries CE (Table  1 ; Fig.  3a ; Supplementary Data  4 ). The single individual assigned to Roopkund_C also dates to this later period. These results demonstrate that the skeletons of Roopkund Lake perished in at least two separate events. For Roopkund_A, we detect non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (for example individual I6943 dates to 675–769 CE, while individual I6941 dates to 894–985 CE), suggesting that even these individuals may not have died simultaneously (Fig.  3a ). In contrast, the calibrated dates obtained for 13 Roopkund_B individuals and the single Roopkund_C individual all have mutually overlapping 95% confidence intervals.

Radiocarbon and Isotopic Evidence of Distinct Origins of Roopkund Genetic Groups. a We generated 37 accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates and calibrated them using OxCal v4.3.2. The dating reveals that the individuals were deposited in at least two events ~1000 years apart. In fact, the Roopkund_A individuals (shown in yellow) may have been deposited over an extended period themselves, as the 95% confidence intervals for some of the radiocarbon dates (for example I6943 and I6941) do not overlap. Radiocarbon dates indicate that Roopkund_B (shown in red) and Roopkund_C (shown in white) individuals may have been deposited during a single event. Error bars indicate 95.4% confidence intervals. Calibration curves are shown in Supplementary Fig.  1 . b We show normalized δ 13 C and δ 15 N values for samples with isotopic data: 37 for which genetic data were generated (circles with colors indicating their cluster), and eight for which no genetic data were generated (labeled Roopkund_U). In cases where multiple measurements were obtained, we plot the average of all measurements. The plotted data are provided as a Source Data file

Differences in diet correlate with genetic groupings

We carried out carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of femur bone collagen for 45 individuals. Femur bone collagen is determined by diet in the last 10–20 years of life 17 , and therefore is not necessarily correlated with the genetic ancestry of a population, which reflects processes occurring over generations. Nevertheless, we find evidence of dietary heterogeneity across the genetic ancestry groupings, providing additional support for the presence of multiple distinct groups at Roopkund Lake. We first observed that the Roopkund individuals are characterized by a range of δ 13 C values indicating diets reliant on both C 3 and C 4 plant sources, as well as δ 15 N values indicating varying degrees of consumption of protein derived from terrestrial animals (Fig.  3b and Supplementary Note  4 ). The δ 13 C values are non-randomly associated with the genetic groupings for the 37 individuals for whom we had both measurements. We find that all the Roopkund_B individuals (with typically eastern Mediterranean ancestry), as well as the Roopkund_C individual, have δ 13 C values between −19.7‰ and −18.2‰ reflecting consumption of terrestrial C 3 plants, such as wheat, barley, and rice (and/or animals foddered on such plants). In contrast, the Roopkund_A individuals (with typically South Asian ancestry) have much more varied δ 13 C values (−18.9‰ to −10.1‰), with some implying C 3 plant reliance and others reflecting either a mixed C 3 and C 4 derived diet, or alternatively consumption of C 3 plants along with animals foddered with millet, a C 4 plant (a practice that has been documented ethnographically in South Asia 17 ). The difference in the δ 13 C distribution between the Roopkund_A and Roopkund_B groupings is highly significant (p = 0.00022 from a two-sided Mann-Whitney test).

Genetic affinities of the Roopkund subgroups

We used qpWave 18 , 19 to test whether Roopkund_B is consistent with forming a genetic clade with any present-day population (that is, whether it is possible to model the two populations as descending entirely from the same ancestral population with no mixture with other groups since their split). We selected 26 present-day populations for comparison, with particular emphasis on West Eurasian-related groups (we analyzed the West Eurasian-related groups Basque, Crete, Cypriot, Egyptian, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Georgian, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian_North, Italian_South, Norwegian, Spanish, Syrian, Ukranian, and the non-West-Eurasian-related groups Brahmin_Tiwari, Chukchi, Han, Karitiana, Mala, Mbuti, Onge, and Papuan). We find that Roopkund_B is consistent with forming a genetic clade only with individuals from present-day Crete. These results by no means imply that the Roopkund_B individuals originated in the island of Crete itself, although they suggest that their recent ancestors or they themselves came from a nearby region (Supplementary Note  5 ; Supplementary Data  5 ).

We performed a similar analysis on individuals belonging to the Roopkund_A group and find that they cannot be modeled as deriving from a homogeneous group (Supplementary Note  6 ). Instead, Roopkund_A individuals vary significantly in their relationship to a diverse set of present-day South Asians, consistent with the heterogeneity evident in PCA (Fig.  2a ). We were unable to model the Roopkund_C individual as a genetic clade with any present-day populations, but we were able to model its ancestry as ~82% Malay-related and ~18% Vietnamese-related using qpAdm 7 , showing that this individual is consistent with being of Southeast Asian origin. We tested if any of the Roopkund groups show specific genetic affinity to present-day groups from the Himalayan region, including four neighboring villages in the northern Ladakh region for which we report new genome-wide sequence data, but we find no such evidence (Supplementary Note  7 ). Within the Roopkund_A group which has ancestry that falls within the variation of present-day South Asians, we observe a weakly significant difference in the proportion of West Eurasian-related ancestry in males and females ( p  = 0.015 by a permutation test across individuals; Supplementary Note  8 ), with systematically lower proportions of West Eurasian-related ancestry in males than females. This suggests that the males and females were drawn from significantly different mixtures of groups within South Asia.

The genetically, temporally, and isotopically heterogeneous composition of the groups at Roopkund Lake was unanticipated from the context in which the skeletons were found. Radiocarbon dating reveals at least two key phases of deposition of human remains separated by around one thousand years and with significant heterogeneity in the dates for the earlier individuals indicating that they could not all have died in a single catastrophic event.

Combining multiple lines of evidence, we suggest a possible explanation for the origin of at least some of the Roopkund_A individuals. Roopkund Lake is not situated on any major trade route, but it is on a present-day pilgrimage route—the Nanda Devi Raj Jat pilgrimage which today occurs every 12 years (Fig.  1a ). As part of the event, pilgrims gather for worship and celebration along the route. Reliable descriptions of the pilgrimage ritual do not appear until the late-19 th century, but inscriptions in nearby temples dating to between the 8 th and 10 th centuries suggest potential earlier origins 20 . We view the hypothesis of a mass death during a pilgrimage event as a plausible explanation for at least some of the individuals in the Roopkund_A cluster.

The Roopkund_B cluster is more puzzling. It is tempting to hypothesize that the Roopkund_B individuals descend from Indo-Greek populations established after the time of Alexander the Great, who may have contributed ancestry to some present-day groups like the Kalash 21 . However, this is unlikely, as such a group would be expected to have admixture with groups with more typical South Asian ancestry (as the Kalash do), or would be expected to be inbred and to have relatively low genetic diversity. However, the Roopkund_B individuals have evidence for neither pattern (Supplementary Note  9 ). Combining different lines of evidence, the data suggest instead that what we have sampled is a group of unrelated men and women who were born in the eastern Mediterranean during the period of Ottoman political control. As suggested by their consumption of a predominantly terrestrial, rather than marine-based diet, they may have lived in an inland location, eventually traveling to and dying in the Himalayas. Whether they were participating in a pilgrimage, or were drawn to Roopkund Lake for other reasons, is a mystery. It would be surprising for a Hindu pilgrimage to be practiced by a large group of travelers from the eastern Mediterranean where Hindu practices have not been common; Hindu practice in this time might be more plausible for a southeast Asian individual with an ancestry type like that seen in the Roopkund_C individual. Given that the Roopkund_B and Roopkund_C individuals died only in the last few centuries, an important direction for future investigation will be to carry out archival research to determine if there were reports of large foreign traveling parties dying in the region over the last few hundred years.

Taken together, these results have produced meaningful insights about an enigmatic ancient site. More generally, this study highlights the power of biomolecular analyses to obtain rich information about the human story behind archaeological deposits that are so highly disturbed that traditional archaeological methods are not as informative.

The genetic analysis of Himalayan populations (described in Supplementary Note  7 ) was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in Hyderabad, India.

Ancient DNA laboratory Work

A total of 76 skeletal samples (72 long bones and four teeth) were sampled at the Anthropological Survey of India, Kolkata. Skeletal sampling was performed for all samples in dedicated ancient DNA facilities at the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) in Hyderabad, India. A subset of samples that underwent preliminary ancient DNA screening at CCMB, including three samples that did not yield sufficient data to assign mitochondrial DNA haplogroups during preliminary screening (see Supplementary Note  1 ), were further processed at Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA, consistent with recommendations in the ancient DNA literature for repeating analyses in two independent laboratories to increase confidence in results 22 .

At CCMB, samples were prepared for processing by wiping with a bleach solution, followed by deionized water. The samples were then subjected to UV irradiation for 30 min on each side to minimize surface DNA contamination. Bone powder was then produced using a sterile dentistry drill.

We successfully generated genome-wide DNA for 38 individuals (Supplementary Data  1 ). For each sample, approximately 75 mg of bone powder originally prepared at CCMB was further processed in dedicated ancient DNA clean rooms at Harvard Medical School using standard protocols, including DNA extraction optimized for ancient DNA recovery 23 , modified by replacing the Zymo extender/MinElute column assemblage with a preassembled spin column device 24 , followed by library preparation with partial UDG treatment 25 . The quality of authentic ancient DNA preservation in each sample was assessed by carrying out a preliminary screening of all libraries via targeted DNA enrichment, designed to capture mitochondrial DNA in addition to 50 nuclear targets 26 . We sequenced the enriched libraries on an Illumina NextSeq500 instrument for 2 × 76 cycles with an additional 2 × 7 cycles for identification of indices. Based on this preliminary assessment, libraries that were deemed promising underwent a further enrichment using a reagent that targeted ~1.2 million SNPs 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , and then were sequenced using an Illumina NextSeq500 instrument.

Bioinformatic processing

We used SeqPrep to trim adapters and molecular barcodes, and then merged paired-end reads that overlapped by a minimum of 15 base pairs (with up to one mismatch allowed) and aligned to the mitochondrial rsrs genome 27 (for the mitochondrial screening analysis) or hg19 (for whole-genome analysis) using samse in bwa (v0.6.1) 28 . We identified duplicate sequences based on having the same start position, end position, orientation, and library-specific barcode, and only retained the copy with the highest quality sequence. We restricted to sequences with a minimum mapping quality (MAPQ ≥ 10) and minimum base quality (≥20) after excluding two bases from each end of the sequence. We obtained pseudo-haploid SNP calls by using a single randomly chosen sequence at SNPs covered by at least one sequence.

We subjected the resulting data to three tests of ancient DNA authenticity: (1) we analyzed the mitochondrial genome data to determine the rate of matching to the consensus sequence using contamMix, and excluded from analysis samples that exhibited a match rate less than 97% 8 . (2) We removed samples that exhibited a rate of C-to-T substitutions less than 3%: the minimum recommended threshold for authentic ancient DNA that has been subjected to partial UDG treatment 25 . (3) We used ANGSD 29 to determine the degree of heterogeneity on the X-chromosome in males (who should only have one X chromosome) and excluded from analysis individuals with contamination rates greater than 1.5%.

We determined the mitochondrial haplogroup of each individual in two ways. For individuals with whole mitochondrial genome data, we determined the mitochondrial haplogroups using haplogrep2 30 . We also determined mitochondrial haplogroups from mitochondrial DNA genotyping using multiplex PCR (see Supplementary Note  1 ).

We determined the genetic sex of the individuals by computing the ratio of the number of sequences that align to the X chromosome versus the Y chromosome. We searched for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree relative pairs in the dataset by analyzing patterns of allele sharing between pairs of individuals (we found none) 10 .

To identify Y-chromosome haplogroups in genetically male individuals, we used a modified version of the procedure reported in Poznik, et al. 31 , which performs a breadth-first search of the Y-chromosome tree. We made Y chromosome haplogroup calls using the ISOGG tree from 04.01.2016 [ http://isogg.org ], and recorded the derived and ancestral allele calls for each informative position on the tree. We counted the number of mismatches in the observed derived alleles on each branch of the tree and used this information to assign a score to each haplogroup, accounting for damage by down-weighting derived mutations that are the result of transitions to 1/3 of that of transversions. We assigned the closest matching Y-chromosome reference haplogroup to each male based on this score (Supplementary Data  6 ). We caution that males with fewer than 100,000 SNPs have too little data to confidently assign a haplogroup.

Population genetic analyses

We report data for 38 samples that passed contamination and quality control tests, with an average coverage of 0.51 × [range: 0.026–1.547] and 350088 SNPS covered at least once [range 30592–728448]. We processed the data in conjunction with published DNA obtained from ancient 6 , 9 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 and present-day groups from throughout the world 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , including ~175 modern groups from the Indian subcontinent 12 . The resulting merged dataset included 1521 ancient and 7985 present-day individuals at 591,304 SNPs.

We used smartpca 69 to perform principal component analysis (PCA) using default parameters, with the settings lsqproject:YES and numoutlier:0. We projected the Roopkund individuals onto two PCA plots designed either to reveal a cline of West Eurasian-related ancestry in South Asian populations 18 , or to reveal the genetic substructure in present-day West Eurasians 13 . The first PCA (Fig.  2a ) included 1453 present-day populations 12 in addition to the Roopkund individuals, while the second PCA (Fig.  2b ) included 986 present-day populations 13 , in addition to the Roopkund individuals and two individuals from present-day Crete (population label Crete.DG). The PCA plots show that the samples cluster into three distinct groups, which we label Roopkund_A, Roopkund_B and Roopkund_C, and treat separately for subsequent analyses.

We used smartpca 69 to compute F ST between the two major Roopkund groups (Roopkund_A and Roopkund_B) and all other groups composed of at least 2 individuals in the dataset, using default parameters, with the settings inbreed:YES and fstonly:YES.

We performed clustering using ADMIXTURE 16 . We carried out this analysis on all samples used for the PCA analyses, although we display only selected populations for the sake of clarity. Prior to analysis, SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with one another were pruned in PLINK using the parameters–indep-pairwise 200 25 0.4. We performed an ADMIXTURE analysis on the remaining 344,363 SNPs in the pruned dataset for values of k between 2 and 10, and carried out 20 replicates at each value of k . We retained the highest likelihood replicate at each k and displayed results for k (k = 4), which we chose because we observed that it is most visually helpful for discriminating the ancestry of the groups of interest.

We used qpWave 18 , 19 , with default parameters and allsnps:YES, to determine if any of the Roopkund populations was consistent with being a clade with any present-day populations. We included a base set of nine populations in each test, chosen to represent diverse ancestry from throughout the world. We include an additional 5–15 populations of either South Asian, West Eurasian, or Southeast/East Asian ancestry in tests involving Roopkund_A, Roopkund_B and Roopkund_C respectively, chosen to provide additional resolution for each group based on their position in the previous PCA. Based on the observed genetic heterogeneity in the Roopkund_A population, we modeled each individual separately (Supplementary Note  6 ). For each test, the Left population set included the Roopkund population or individual of interest in addition to one of the selected present-day analysis populations, while the remaining populations were included in the Right population set. In the case of individuals belonging to the Roopkund_A and Roopkund_C groups, we also used qpAdm 7 , with default parameters and allsnps: YES, to determine whether these populations could be considered to be the product of a two-way admixture between any of the selected present-day populations (Supplementary Note  6 ). In this case, the Left population set included the Roopkund individual of interest in addition to all possible combinations of two of the selected present-day analysis populations, while the remaining populations were included in the Right population set.

AMS radiocarbon dating

We subjected bone powder from 37 samples to radiocarbon dating. We dated the remaining bone powder (360–750 mg) from the same samples that were processed for ancient DNA. We were unable to generate a radiocarbon date for individual I3401, as there was not enough remaining bone powder for analysis.

At the Pennsylvania State University AMS radiocarbon dating facility, bone collagen for 14 C and stable isotope analyses was extracted and purified using a modified Longin method with ultrafiltration 70 . Samples (200–400 mg) were demineralized for 24–36 h in 0.5 N HCl at 5 °C followed by a brief (<1 h) alkali bath in 0.1 N NaOH at room temperature to remove humates. The residue was rinsed to neutrality in multiple changes of Nanopure H 2 O, and then gelatinized for 12 h at 60 °C in 0.01 N HCl. The resulting gelatin was lyophilized and weighed to determine percent yield as a first evaluation of the degree of bone collagen preservation. Rehydrated gelatin solution was pipetted into pre-cleaned Centriprep 71 ultrafilters (retaining >30 kDa molecular weight gelatin) and centrifuged 3 times for 20 min, diluted with Nanopure H 2 O and centrifuged 3 more times for 20 min to desalt the solution.

In some instances, collagen samples were too poorly preserved and were pre-treated at Penn State using a modified XAD process 72 (Supplementary Data  4 shows that there were no systematic differences in the dates obtained based on the XAD and modified Longin pretreatment extraction methods.) Samples were demineralized in 0.5 N HCl for 2–3 days at 5 °C. The demineralized collagen pseudomorph was gelatinized at 60 °C in 1–2 mL 0.01 N HCl for 8–10 h. The gelatin was then lyophilized and percent gelatinization and yield determined by weight. The sample gelatin was then hydrolyzed in 2 mL 6 N HCl for 24 h at 110 °C. Supelco ENVI-Chrom® SPE (Solid Phase Extraction; Sigma-Aldrich) columns were prepped with 2 washes of methanol (2 mL) and rinsed with 10 mL DI H 2 O. Supelco ENVIChrom® SPE (Solid Phase Extraction; Sigma-Aldrich) columns with 0.45 µm Millex Durapore filters attached were equilibrated with 50 mL 6 N HCl and the washings discarded. 2 mL collagen hydrolyzate as HCl was pipetted onto the SPE column and driven with an additional 10 mL 6 N HCl dropwise with the syringe into a 20 mm culture tube. The hydrolyzate was finally dried into a viscous syrup by passing UHP N 2 gas over the sample heated at 50 °C for ~12 h.

For all bone samples that were subject to radiocarbon dating, carbon and nitrogen concentrations and stable isotope ratios of the ultrafiltered gelatin or XAD amino acid hydrolyzate were measured at the Yale Analytical and Stable Isotope Center with a Costech elemental analyzer (ECS 4010) and Thermo DeltaPlus analyzer. Sample quality was evaluated by percentage crude gelatin yield, %C, %N, and C/N ratios before AMS 14 C dating. C/N ratios for all samples fell between 2.9 and 3.6, indicating good collagen preservation 73 . Samples (~2.1 mg) were then combusted for 3 h at 900 °C in vacuum-sealed quartz tubes with CuO and Ag wires. Sample CO 2 was reduced to graphite at 550 °C using H 2 and a Fe catalyst, with reaction water drawn off with Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 74 .

Graphite samples were pressed into targets in Al boats and loaded on a target wheel with OX-1 (oxalic acid) standards, known-age bone secondaries, and a 14 C-free Pleistocene whale blank. 14 C measurements were performed at UCIAMS on a modified National Electronics Corporation compact spectrometer with a 0.5 MV accelerator (NEC 1.5SDH-1). The 14 C ages were corrected for mass-dependent fractionation with δ 13 C values 75 and compared with samples of Pleistocene whale bone (backgrounds, 48,000 14 C BP), late Holocene bison bone (~1850 14 C BP), late 1800s CE cow bone and OX-2 oxalic acid standards for calibration. All calibrated 14 C ages were computed using OxCal version 4.3 76 using the IntCal13 northern hemisphere curve 77 .

Stable isotope measurements

The isotopic measurement procedure at Yale University for the 37 samples for which we performed direct radiocarbon dating are described in the previous section.

We also obtained isotopic measurements for long bone samples from 19 individuals (including data from 11 of the same individuals that were also analyzed at Yale) at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Bone samples of 1 g were subsequently cleaned using an air abrasive system with 5 μm aluminum oxide powder and then crushed into chunks. Collagen was extracted following standard procedures 78 . Approximately 1 g of pre-cleaned bone was demineralized in 10 mL aliquots of 0.5 M HCl at 4 °C, with changes of acid until CO 2 stopped evolving. The residue was then rinsed three times in deionized water before being gelatinized in pH 3 HCl at 80 °C for 48 h. The resulting solution was filtered, with the supernatant then freeze-dried over a period of 24 h.

Purified collagen samples (1 mg) were analyzed at the Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, in duplicate by EA-IRMS on a ThermoFisher Elemental Analyzer coupled to a ThermoFisher Delta V Advantage Mass Spectrometer via a ConFloIV system. Accuracy was determined by measurements of international standard reference materials within each analytical run. These were USGS 40,40 δ 13 C raw  = −26.4 ± 0.1, δ 13 C true  = −26.4 ± 0.0, δ 15 N raw  = −4.4 ± 0.1, δ 15 N true  = −4.5 ± 0.2; IAEA N2, δ 15 N raw  = 20.2 ± 0.1, δ 15 N true  = 20.3 ± 0.2; IAEA C6 δ 13 C raw  = -10.9 ± 0.1, δ 13 C true  = −10.8 ± 0.0. An in-house fish gelatin sample was also used as a standard in each run. Reported δ 13 C values were measured against Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), while δ 15 N values are measured against ambient air.

Reporting summary

Further information on research design is available in the  Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.

Data availability

The aligned DNA sequences from the 38 individuals are available from the European Nucleotide Archive under accession number PRJEB29537 . Genotype files are available at https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/datasets . All other relevant data is available upon request.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the people living and dead whose samples we analyzed in this study. We thank Professor Subhash Walimbe of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute in Pune India (retired) who prepared the physical anthropology report on the Roopkund skeletons that was used as the basis of a National Geographic documentary; we reprint it in edited form in Supplementary Note  2 , updated in light of the genetic findings. We are grateful to Dr. Lalji Singh (deceased) for his longstanding support for this project, to the Lucknow University anthropology department and the Anthroplogical Survey of India for permission to analyze their skeletal collection, and to Iosif Lazaridis, Michael McCormick, Arie Shaus, John Wakeley for critical comments. E.H. was supported by a graduate student fellowship from the Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean (MHAAM). A.N., P.R., and N.B. are funded by the Max Planck Society. D.J.K. and B.J.C. were supported by NSF BCS-1460367. K.T. was supported by grant NCP (MLP0117) from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India. D.R. was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation HOMINID grant BCS-1032255, the U.S. National Institutes of Health grant GM100233, by an Allen Discovery Center grant, by grant 61220 from the John Templeton Foundation, and is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Author information

These authors jointly directed this work: Ayushi Nayak, Douglas J. Kennett, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, David Reich, Niraj Rai.

Authors and Affiliations

Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

Éadaoin Harney

The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

Éadaoin Harney & David Reich

Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

Éadaoin Harney, Swapan Mallick, Nadin Rohland, Jakob Sedig, Nicole Adamski, Rebecca Bernardos, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Matthew Ferry, Megan Michel, Jonas Oppenheimer, Kristin Stewardson, Zhao Zhang & David Reich

Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, D-07745, Jena, Germany

Ayushi Nayak, Patrick Roberts & Nicole Boivin

Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142 USA, USA

Nick Patterson, Swapan Mallick & David Reich

Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

Nick Patterson

Deccan College, Pune, 411006, India

Pramod Joglekar & Veena Mushrif-Tripathy

Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

Swapan Mallick, Nicole Adamski, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Matthew Ferry, Megan Michel, Jonas Oppenheimer, Kristin Stewardson & David Reich

Institutes of Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

Brendan J. Culleton

Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

Brendan J. Culleton & Thomas K. Harper

The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, D-07745, Jena, Germany

Megan Michel

Anthropological Survey of India, North West Regional Centre, Dehradun, 248195, India

Harashawaradhana & Maanwendra Singh Bartwal

CSIR Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India

Sachin Kumar, Kumarasamy Thangaraj & Niraj Rai

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226007, India

Sachin Kumar & Niraj Rai

Gautam Budh Health Care Foundation, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India

Subhash Chandra Diyundi

Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA

Douglas J. Kennett

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Contributions

N.B., K.T., D.R., and N.Ra. conceived the study. N.Ro., D.R., and K.T. supervised the ancient DNA work and analysis of DNA from modern population samples. P.J., H., M.S.B., and V.M.-T. collected the archaeological samples. S.C.D. and S.K. collected blood samples from present-day Indian populations. J.S. assisted with interpretations of archaeological background and isotopic data. N.Ro., N.A., R.B., M.F., M.M., J.O. and K.S. performed or supervised wet laboratory work. S.M. and Z.Z. performed bioinformatics analyses. A.N. performed the sampling, pretreatment, and interpretation for the stable isotope analysis under the supervision of P.R., N.Ra., and N.B. D.J.K., B.J.C. and T.K.H. supervised or performed the AMS radiocarbon dating analysis. E.H. performed statistical analyses, with guidance from N.P. and D.R. The paper was written by E.H., D.R., and N.Ra. with input from all coauthors.

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Correspondence to David Reich .

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Harney, É., Nayak, A., Patterson, N. et al. Ancient DNA from the skeletons of Roopkund Lake reveals Mediterranean migrants in India. Nat Commun 10 , 3670 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11357-9

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Hundreds of Skeletons at Roopkund Lake of the Himalayas

Deep in the sacred Himalayan mountains of India, something inexplicable happened that experts are still trying to piece together. During the particularly warm year of 1942, a park ranger was collecting rare plants at a 16,000-foot elevation when he came to Roopkund Lake. As he descended down the rocky bank, he saw that the shore contained hundreds of human bones with swollen flesh still clinging to them. Who were the Roopkund Lake skeletons and how did they get there?

What is the Mystery of Roopkund Lake?

Also known as Rudrakund, Mystery Lake, or Skeleton Lake, Roopkund exists at the base of the Trisul Mountains in the far northern reaches of Uttarakhand state of India. The lake is roughly 500 square feet and six to eight feet deep. August and September are the only months when the lake is visible, while the rest of the year it lies hidden under a thick blanket of snow.

The ranger H.K. Madhwal was the first official person to report the skeletons after he encountered them during his plant-hunting expedition in 1942. He observed, “The whole place was littered with scores of human bodies. Flesh like inflated rubber was sticking to most of the bodies. Their grinning faces made the scene still more hideous. Our porters were so much terrified at this gruesome sight that they at once took to their heels, thinking that they had landed in a ghost land.” (Negi, R.S.).

After the porters ran away from the lake, Madhwal and his assistant stayed behind to take a closer look. They saw that some of the bodies and leather sandals (chappals) were larger than typical. That style of footwear did not come from the area. Additionally, there were bamboo sticks, wooden utensils, and umbrellas sticking out of the snow. Experts had no concrete answers to explain who the bodies were or how they got there, and, thus, the great mystery of Roopkund Lake unfolded.

Changes to the Skeletons

After Madhwal’s discovery, no official investigations occurred, as India was entrenched in WWII under British rule. In 1955, everything changed when one of the Government Deputy Ministers made a press announcement about the Roopkund Lake skeletons. At that point, officials launched an investigative expedition to the lake.

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However, because researchers collected just a few bones, including two skulls, an arm, a leg, a jaw, and several artifacts, the final report provided little information. Then in 1956, three separate investigations took place in which scientists took large collections of bones and relics.

Unfortunately, by the time the research began in 1955 the scene at the skeleton lake had changed significantly. Thirteen years had passed since Madhwal’s discovery, and whole bodies were no longer visible. Researchers witnessed large rocks rolling down the steep embankment, and they surmised that the stones, with avalanches and earthquakes over the years, had scattered the bones and caused damage to the skeletons.

Religion in the Himalayas

In order to understand the mystery behind the Roopkund Lake bodies, we must look at the significance of the Himalayas. People of the region revere the Nanda Devi mountains. These towering peaks lie to the northeast of the lake and are a part of the greater Nanda Devi National Park and Biosphere. The sacred region contains shrines strewn throughout.

Nanda Devi, meaning “bliss-giving goddess,” derives its name from the most important and revered goddess in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. Nanda Devi, the goddess, represents Shiva’s consort, Parvati, who “first came onto the earth as the daughter of Himavan, the king of the Himalaya, and has, therefore, always been associated with the mountains” (Carter 1977).

The goddess mythology permeates the lives of the local residents, and huge festivals in her honor take place regularly. Additionally, devotees take dangerous pilgrimages through the mountain seeking out her blessings. The whole area, including the lake, commands deep reverence as the manifestation and embodiment of the goddess, Nanda.

The Mythology of Trisul and Roopkund

Local mythology also directly refers to the Trisul formation and Roopkund Lake. Both lie in the shadows of Nanda Devi mountain. In one version of the story, Mahadev (Shiva), the supreme or great being, struck his trident to the ground to make a place where his consort Nanda Devi could quench her thirst. This created the Trisul (meaning “trident”) mountains and two lakes.

While she was drinking water in one of the lakes, she peered in and saw her own image or “beauty,” her Roop . Thus, the name Roopkund means “reflection lake” or “beauty lake.” Another version of the story says that it wasn’t Shiva but Nanda Devi who struck the trident (Carter 1977). Note: notice the tridents in the photo of the shrine above.

Does a Local Myth Explain the Skeletons?

Nanda is a goddess with many faces and moods, at times expressing wrath, jealousy, or insecurity. According to stories the locals tell and sing about today, it was, in fact, her mercurial nature that resulted in the skeletons in the lake. As the story goes, King Jasdhawal of Kannauj and his pregnant Queen, Balampa, took their entourage with them on a pilgrimage to Nanda Devi. They also made sure to bring along their earthly pleasures in the form of beautiful dancers.

However, they broke important traditional taboos about the pilgrimage. “The rules stated that music, children, women, elderly folks, leather goods, the lower castes were strictly prohibited from proceeding beyond Wan,” (Negi, Chandra, 2013, 92)  which is about three or four days before Roopkund on the trail.

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The first offense was taking females and children so far on the pilgrimage trail. Then, when the king asked the girls to dance for him in the sacred land, his insolence brought great disrespect to the goddess. Finally, when Balampa gave birth near the lake, she soiled the holy ground with her blood. Thus, in her immense wrath, Nanda Devi pushed all the dancing girls into the underworld (or turned them into stone). She then summoned a violent storm that rained huge hailstones that pummeled the rest of the group to death at Roopkund Lake.

Raj Jat Pilgrimages

Pilgrimages, called Raj Jat, have been taking place for hundreds of years. By some accounts, they have occurred since the ninth century when a group moved into the region and brought the cult of Nanda with them (Negi, R.S.). In honor of the goddess, the Raj Jat occurs every 12 years and takes 22 days to complete the 175 miles – a good portion of that in bare feet. During this major festival, thousands of people from far and wide travel to take part in the pilgrimage. About 50,000 people participate, but not everyone can go all the way to the final destination past Roopkund to Homkund Lake. The last Raj Jat took place in 2014.

Homkund Lake is the dwelling place of the gods in the Trisul mountains. The symbolism of the trek reflects Nanda Devi’s trip to her home, and each person on the pilgrimage is escorting and helping her get there. But first, the trail winds along the steep upper edge of the skeleton lake on the Jyura Gali, or “Alley of Death.” As the name suggests, the Jyura Gali is a sheer ridge that is fatally dangerous, but it does provide a view into the lake. The area is also prone to sudden and violent storms that can produce hail but offers no place for shelter.

Accidents and Suicides at the Lake

R.S. Negi, scientist and researcher, indicates that there were so many accidental deaths from the Gali that the government banned the pilgrimage a few hundred years ago and removed the ban only in the late 19th century. People who fell from the Gali perished on the cliffside and shores of Roopkund and presumably mixed in with the other skeletons at the lake over the years.

Interestingly, there is a wide belief that many pilgrims also used the lake for self-sacrifice. Inscriptions at stops and shrines along the pilgrimage trail reveal the intentions of some pilgrims to take their own lives at the lake. According to Negi, there were so many cases of Atmosarg , the government banned these suicides in 1931.

Throughout time, especially during warmer years when the snow has melted off sufficiently, pilgrims have seen the skeletons at the lake. In fact, in 1925 after the Raj Jat, witnesses reported the bodies lying on its northeastern bank. (Negi, R.S.).

Studies of the Skeletons

Initial studies suggested that there were two genetically distinct groups of people who died in a large event. The first group was taller and more robust with longer heads. The other group was of smaller stature, lighter frames, and rounder heads. Some individuals within the larger group appear to have been related, as indicated by certain extra bones (Wormian bones) in the skull. Researchers believe this to be a genetic condition that passes on about 50 percent of the time (Pant).

Some of the round skulls had depressions in them, leading the scientists to speculate that this group may have been porters who carried heavy packs strapped over their heads. It appears that heavy round objects struck the heads of many individuals while they were still alive. This is evident in antemortem depression skull fractures near the front or top of the skulls, and for these people, this was likely the cause of death through bleeding, brain swelling, and/or hypothermia. However, not every individual showed head trauma.

All studies contained skeletal remains that included men, women, and children of various ages. Some studies indicated that death occurred 500-800 years ago. On the contrary, a 2003 National Geographic study concluded that all the victims perished at the same time in one large fatal event in the ninth century. (Negi, R.S.).

Where Were the Victims From?

Although we still do not know exactly where the victims may have originated before they met their death at the lake, scientists have determined what their genetic ethnicities were. Éadaoin Harney et al. released their findings based on recent DNA work in 2017. They found two main groups, South Asian and West-Eurasian, with three distinct clusters. Harney broke up the clusters into Roopkund A, B, and C (one individual).

• A has South Asian ancestry from the Indian Cline, but they do not belong to one specific population. This group dates to around 800 CE, although Harney notes that their deaths may not have occurred in one single event.
• B derives from Eastern Mediterranean ancestry, with similarities to Greeks and Levantine populations. This group dates to around 1800 CE.
• C consists of one individual of East Asian or Southeast Asian descent, also dating to around 1800 CE.

Unlike previous findings that were based on the characteristics of skulls, the genetic research of Harney et al. did not find any closely related individuals. Additionally, these results show that the skeletons were deposited in more than one event.

What Happened at Skeleton Lake?

The greatest mysteries of Roopkund Lake are still unsolved. Speculation abounds about who the people may have been, what they were doing in the treacherous area, and how they died. The previously held theory is that a hailstorm inundated a group of pilgrims and killed them all in one disaster. However, the story is not quite that simple.

As it turns out, the skeletons were ethnically and culturally diverse. They also died at different times, rather than in one catastrophic event. If the Raj Jat began in the ninth century, this could correspond approximately with the deaths of Roopkund A group as described by Harney, above.

The fact that there were men, women, and children tells us that they were probably not all pilgrims. However, it is uncertain when the ban against women and children on the trail started. Were the larger people refugees fleeing war or famine of another land or immigrants from the steppes or Iran? How many of them were suicide victims who sacrificed themselves to the gods? Did a large hailstorm really kill King Jasdhawal and his entourage?

In August of 2018, the Indian government banned all treks to Roopkund in an attempt to preserve the degrading meadows and save endangered species. Nonetheless, scientists continue their work to unlock the mysteries of the lake. Until then, this dangerous spot along the pilgrimage route remains an enigmatic paradox with hundreds of skeletons still trapped under the ice of the majestic Nanda Devi mountains.

References:

-Carter, H. Adams . “The Goddess Nanda and Place Names of the Nanda Devi Region” 1977. The American Alpine Journal and Accidents in North American Climbing. -Harney, Éadaoin. Ancient DNA from the Skeletons of Roopkund Lake Reveals Migrants of  Mediterranean Origin in South Asia. Brown University Blogs. – Negi, R.S. “Rupkund Human Remains: A Mystery Yet Unresolved.” IGNCA. -Negi, Chandra. In the garb of Nanda Devi Raj Jaat- A cultural treatise of Western Himalaya. 2013. – Pant, Alka Barthwal . “Roopkund Mystery “Pathology Reveals Head Injury behind the Casualties.” 2018. Academia.edu.

Kimberly Lin

Kimberly is a writer and the content manager for Historic Mysteries. If she's not plunging down the SEO rabbit hole, she's visiting some ancient site in Italy, where she currently lives in the middle of an active caldera. Kimberly will continue to venture around the world and write about the history she encounters. Read More

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Roopkund Trek: A Journey To An Unusual ‘Skeleton Lake’ That Remains Frozen In Past -

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Roopkund Trek: A Journey To An Unusual ‘Skeleton Lake’ That Remains Frozen In Past

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Magical! Yes, it’s the one word that comes to mind whenever I think about the Roopkund trek . The fact that it has consistently been one of the most booked trekking destinations in North India owes to the snow-capped mountains, lush green forests, picturesque views and tricky routes. It challenges and thrills, puts your trekking potential to test and rewards you greatly, equally so. 

So, if you want to breathe amidst the striking icy glaciers of Nanda Ghunti and Mount Trishul , this is an ideal place to be!

Situated in the lapse of Chamoli District of Uttarakhand, Roopkund trek paves the way to Roopkund Lake which lies serenely at an altitude of 5,029 m.  The biggest highlight for the trek though has to be the ‘Skeleton Lake,’ Roopkund Lake that supposedly consists of over 500 human skeletons. Spooky, right? [Legend: It is said that an ancient army who came on an unscheduled pilgrimage had faced the wrath of the Weather God as they travelled without his permission.]

The mythological mystery around Roopkund Trek; Nanda Devi Raj Jat Yatra The ‘Nanda Devi Raj Jat Yatra’ is among the biggest religious yatras in the ‘Land of Gods’, Uttakhand.  The hill folks of Uttarakhand organize the yatra in every 12 years to honor Goddess Nanda Devi. It is said that people take her to Lord Shiva’s home which is located in the icy folds of the Himalayas. The three-week-long grand procession begins from Nauti village near Karanpraayg and ends at Homkund near Roopkund. Despite the harsh climatic conditions, the devotees remain barefoot throughout the yatra.

Where does it all begin? Wan is the base camp of the trek and it is accessible from Kathgodam (210km) or Rishikesh (270 km). A trekker can take a bus from any of these two places. The bus will likely drop you at Deval which is 27 km away from Wan.

When should I start packing? There are two phases during which a visit can be made safely: May to June: The temperature ranges from 15 °C to 20 °C during the day time and 7 °C to -2 °C at night. September to October : The temperature ranges from 10 °C to 15 °C during the day time and 5 °C to -5 °C at night. At this time, you can enjoy the clear view of snow-clad mountains.

Nearby Attractions The Roopkund trekking experience is not meant for beginners. So, if you don’t qualify for the same or are simply not in the mood to explore the mystique of Roopkund, following are the places you can check out instead: Brahma Tal and Bekhal Tal : These are two most stunning lakes situated near Hemkund.

Bedni Bugyals : One can witness the raw beauty of nature at Bedni Bugyal – a green pastures. It is also a stopover on the Yatra of Nanda Raj Jaat.

Hemkund Sahib and Hemkund Lake : It is the holiest place for Sikhs and Hindus. The glaciers from the peak of Hathi and Saptrishi feed the Hemkund Lake.

Facts and numbers for Roopkund trek Duration : 7 days Max Altitude : 15,696 ft Trekking Distance : 53 Km Grade : Moderate to difficult

Here is a shorter version of the itinerary… Day 1: Driving from Kathgodam to Lohajung (2130m) Day 2: Lohajung to Didana (2550m) Day 3Didana to Bedni Bugyal (3350m) Day 4: Bedni Bugyal to Bhagubasa (4100m) Day 5: Bhagubasa to Roopkund and Junargalli(4750m) to Patal Nauchaniya (3850m) Day 6: Patal Nauchaniya to Bedni Bugyal (3350m) to Wan (2550m) – Lohajung Day 7:  Lohajung – Kathgodam

Roopkund Trek: A high dose of adventure filled with natural splendor all along  To escape from the mundane city life, I decided to go on a trek to experience the serene beauty. The expedition was an opportunity to discover a wide variety of flora and fauna and the giant mountains that I had only ever previously dreamt of.

The journey began one morning with one of my closest friends from Delhi. We hired a cab that dropped us to Kathgodam – a town in the Uttarakhand’s Nainital district. From there, we both moved to Lohajung which was the base point of our trek. Even after a tiring journey, the excitement didn’t let us sleep on the bus. Travelling through a scenic route, we arrived at the destined place after 7 hours. The purest form of nature, Lohajung is replete with rich biodiversity. The beautiful surroundings of evergreen alpine forests were so captivating that we thought to not move further!

Next day, we walked through a pictorial forest lined with Himalayan cedar and oak trees. Crossing an old bridge over the River Neel Ganga , we reached Ruan Bagad after 2 hours of easy trek. Our guide told us that people also take a road route from here that goes to Wan Village. Despite the uneven terrain, the hike from Ruan Bagad to Didna village took just around 2 hours. The night was spent in a camp.

On day 3 , the trail moved ahead to the village of Ali Bugyal which is one of the highest inhabited locations in India. Since I’m not a regular trekker, I opted for the easier route and it took almost 6 hours to reach the Ali Bugyal. To keep the pace with other trekkers and to reach on time, we were advised to consume dry fruits and energy bars. It really gave us energy throughout the expedition.  

Thankfully, we reached bang on time! We arrived at Ali Bugyal by noon where we enjoyed magnificent views of Nanda Ghunti and Trishul peaks . And it was right there that I couldn’t control my emotions and took around 170 pictures in just 15 minutes. Fun times! Later, we moved towards Bedni Bugyal – a campsite for our overnight stay.

Next morning, we woke up to the beautiful views of the sunrise. Our guide briefed us about the program and then, we all were ready to move towards Bhagubasa. A trail first entered to the coniferous forest that took us to an area of high altitude. After crossing a zigzag path, we reached the temple of Lord Ganesha ‘Kalu Vinayak’ which is constructed with irregular pebbles and bricks. We stayed there for about 20 minutes and we prayed for 5 minutes. After receiving much needed blessings from the Lord, we hiked further.

After 1 hour we reached a spot where we got an opportunity to capture the astonishing views of Chaukhamba, Neelkanth and Hathi peaks in our cameras. Though the distance was short, the slippery path made it a bit challenging for us. We reached our beautiful campsite at the hilltop of Bhagubasa after 1 hour.

It was day 5, our guide had set a goal for us and according to that, we were supposed to reach the lake in about 2-3 hours. The mysterious Roopkund Lake gave me an adrenaline rush. Our guide was carefully watching our steps around the lake as we were walking around the tricky terrain. It was quite a moment, as we viewed the human skeletons and bones. We all were so happy that there were tears of joy in our eyes. After hugging each other, some of our group mates moved towards Junargali ridge . However, I spend time in capturing gorgeous views of the mountains. After staying up there for an hour, we later headed back to Patal Nauchaniya . It was a long walk down and we stopped at two spots for rest along the way. After reaching the camp, we realized that it was time to celebrate our victory! We organized a bonfire, played cards and finally, clicked a lot of group photos.

Day 6,7 : The way back to Kathgodam We woke up at 5 am and after grabbing toasts from the camp we tramped down to the forest of pine, rhododendron and oak to reach Wan village. We had a scrumptious lunch at a Garhwali restaurant which served us traditionally style Thali filled with local food. We went back to Lohagunj and spent the night in tents at the campsite. After saying goodbye to each other, we moved to Kathgodam.

Mobile connectivity and ATM facility One can find ATM machines in two places i.e. Kathgodam and Dewal. Notably, there is no ATM after crossing Dewal as the trek begins from here. Most of the mobile networks work at Lohajung. There is hardly any connectivity in the mountains which means all important calls should be made at Lohajung.

Things to carry

• Trekking pole, trekking shoes, 6-7 pair of socks, power bank
• Sweaters, warm jackets, caps and gloves
• Sunscreen lotion
• Water bottles, backpack, energy bars and drinks
• A pair of sunglasses, camera
• Basic toiletries, bed sheets
• Flash light (with spare batteries) and Swiss knife
• Insect repellent, emergency medical kit
• First-aid kit, binoculars, sleeping bag

And with that, the dreamy journey of 7 days came to an end. What I brought back with me was a box full of beautiful memories.

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Roopkund : The Mysterious Skeleton Lake

The Roopkund trek is the most common inclusion in every trekker’s list in India and also a famous journey to a pilgrimage shrine as well. It is not only a popular trek amongst Indians but also in foreign countries as well, mainly for its beauty, sense of adventure and mystery that it brings along. Along with the dense green virgin forests, gurgling rivulets, streams, breath-taking campsites, vast stretches of rolling meadows, snow and the ice-covered terrains, the mysterious frozen lake adds to the vibe of adventure when you trek your way from an 8,000 ft to 16,000 ft in six days.

Roopkund Trek has been quite a popular trail for long. In 1942, a British Forest guard found several hundreds of skeletons near the frozen lake of Roopkund. This gave Uttarkhand’s Roopkund Lake the name of Skeleton Lake . All these added a sense of mystery, as intrigued trekkers and travellers from all over the world as they began stepping into the trail to get a sense of adventure for themselves.

About 5000 meters above the sea level, Roopkund, or more specifically, Roopkund Lake is located in the Garhwal Region of Uttarakhand. While the discoveries in the ‘Skeleton Lake’ adds mystery, the surrounding scenery and nature’s glory from the base camp itself is spellbinding and is bound to make you speechless. The trail starts off with beautiful views of the great Himalayan mountains and it cuts through dense dark forests, which suddenly opens up into the grand Ali and Bedni Bugyal. These are beautiful high altitude meadows that are picture-perfect in every way, sporting several varieties of flora and fauna. On crossing the beautiful rolling meadows, you walk into the dense alpine stretches of the trail. After having your fill of green, you get sheets of ice and snow, and the majestic white covers, along with the famous lake.

Trekking your way through the meadows, forests on the dry leaves and snow to the Roopkund lake is a thrilling experience that you are bound to love. From getting a glimpse of the famous Mt Nanda Ghunti and Trishul on the first day itself, as you make your climb, you get to see the beautiful Mt Trishul getting closer to you till it gets right in front of you when you are at the ridge above Roopkund.

Roopkund Lake

The Roopkund Lake, also known as the Mystery Lake or the Skeletons Lake is a high altitude glacier-fed lake in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, India. Situated at a mind-blogging altitude of 16,470 feet or 5,020 meters above sea level, It lies in the lap of the Gharwal Himalayas, more specifically - the Trishul massif. Given its high altitude and terrain, the nearby region around the lake is uninhabited but is surrounded by tall snow-covered mountains and peaks. Given its history and religious significance, its locale and the beauty of the nature of the surrounding area adds on to the ambience of myth, mythology, and mystery. The lake is a part of the Nanda Devi National Park.

The beauty of the lake is mesmerizing as the soft sun rays fall over mountain ranges, on to the lake. With snow-covered peaks surrounding the lake, and the mythology and folklore in mind, the ambience of the lake is exceptionally magical.

Once here, you can understand how the setting plays a great role in mythology how truly this place is the ‘ Land of Gods ’. With sights of peaks and snow-covered mountains looming over you all throughout the trail, they all get a lot closer once you are in near the lake. Peaks like the Trishul, NandaGhunti, Neelkanth, Bandar Poonch, Gangotri, Chaukhamba range, Maiktoli, Mrigthuni, Chanyakot and many more can be seen on this trail.

The mysterious Skeleton Lake

On the discovery of human bones in 1942 in the Roopkund Lake, initially, it was believed that the skeleton bones were of the Japanese soldiers who had died while crossing the Roopkund trail during World War II and then lost their lives under mysterious circumstances.

Located at an altitude of 5,029 meters in the great Himalayas at the Chamoli district of Uttarkhand, the news of this mysterious findings added interest to the already popular trek trail. Found at the edge of the lake, these skeletal remains were only visible when the snow melted along with wooden artefacts, iron spearheads, leather slippers, and rings were also found. Later on, on further investigation scientists discarded the rumours and concluded that the skeletons were of pilgrims and locals of this region, as the bodies were dated to around 850 AD. Local legends say that on their way to the pilgrimage to the Nanda Devi shrine, the King of Kanauj, his pregnant wife and his group perished near Roopkund Lake on facing a severe hailstorm, and claim it to be their remains.

Nevertheless, these findings gave a mysterious feel to the already beautiful glacier-fed Roopkund lake, with the surroundings of frozen glaciers and ice-covered mountains. The two meters deep lake invites hundreds of trekkers and pilgrims every year. While trekkers prefer hiking on this trail for its beauty and the intriguing mysterious ambience, thousands of pilgrims visit Roopkund every year to worship Nanda Devi. The grand event of the Nanda Devi Raj Jat, taking place every twelve years, invites several pilgrims to worship Goddess Nanda at Roopkund.

The mythology of Roopkund Lake

Being the Land of Gods, Roopkund and its surrounding areas are the sites of interesting mythological events and folklores. According to Hindu scriptures, it was in the Bedni Bugyal that the four Vedas were written . Near Bedni Kund, it is said that Maa Durga had killed Demon Mahishasura in her Kali Avatar, making the place auspicious.

According to the legends, after her fight with the demons, Goddess Parvati wanted to clean herself up. So, Lord Shiva created a lake with his Trishul and stood guard while his wife bathed in the lake. As she bathed, she could see her clear and beautiful image in the reflection of the blue waters of the lake, thus naming the lake as Roopkund .

One can see the Roopkund crater from the Kalu Vinayak Pass for the first time during the hike. Legend has it that this is where Lord Vinayak was standing guard while Parvati took her bath in the Roopkund Lake.

The Nanda Raj Jat Yatra takes place every 12 years. The locals believe that a mysterious four-horned ram comes to visit this place and is auspicious, and is probably a form of God. During this grand event, thousands of pilgrims visit the Hem Kund Lake to pay homage to Goddess Nanda Devi.

Local legends have it that King Jasdal of Kanauj was on his way with his wife to undertake the pilgrimage and win the Goddess’s favour. As the queen delivered a child on the way, Goddess Nanda Devi got angry as she felt that it had spoiled her holy land. The Goddess thus sent a violent snowstorm killing hundreds on their way to pilgrimage. This also explains the skeletal remains in the Roopkund Lake.

The presence of the king’s pilgrimage can also be seen in Pathar Nauchuni. Translating to ‘Dancing Stones’, one can see a few big stones here. According to the folklore, during the annual pilgrimage, the king got distracted by the royal dancers. This invited the Goddess’s wrath who cursed the dancers and turned them into stones.

Features of the Roopkund Trek, at a glance

Considered one of the most beautiful treks in India, Roopkund trek is a moderate to hard trek in terms of difficulty. The trail being of a length of 53kms, it is divided into 6 days for you to complete, which takes you Roopkund and back to your base camp, Wan.

The sense of adventure

The trek offers a sense of adventure and thrill that trekkers look for, as it is a trail with steep climbs and slippery descents down the mountains. The cautious hike along the sharp and exposed ridge as you make your way towards Junargali while you hold on to a rope is a memorable experience in any trekkers life. It is not only the adrenaline rush of the entire of the experience that makes your trek so special, but also the views that it comes along with. The trek brings you quite close to the famous and spell bounding Mount Trishul and Nanda Ghunti, making it one of the most loved trek trails of India.

The rolling meadows

The view of the two vast high altitude alpine meadows on the trek- Ali Bugyal and Bedni Bugyal, located above 11,000 ft, will take your breath away for sure. To put things into perspective – it takes two days to cross these rolling meadows, and you get to enjoy the calming sight of nature’s vibrancy all throughout. Make sure you take a look at the reflection of the Nandaghunti peak in the small pond at Ali Bugyal. Being Asia’s finest high altitude grassland , it is one of the most picturesque meadows you can ever find on a trek. Keep an out for the beautiful flowers like the Brahma Kamal. Named after Brahma, the Hindu god of creation, Brahma Kamal, is a rare find and is only found in the high altitude regions. It is beautiful and also happens to be the state flower of Uttarakhand.

Dense forest

Your trail will take you through dense forests of oak and Rhododendron. As you make your way through the forest, the gentle air of the mountain breeze as it flows through the rustling branches of the forest acts as a calming effect on any trekker. The peaceful ambience feels all the more musical as you can hear the birds singing and dry leaves crunch under your feet as you walk through the forest bed.

Ice cover and the carpet of snow to Roopkund

After the mesmerizing sights of nature’s beauty, after you climb your way to Kalu Vinayak, you hit the vast stretches of snow-covered terrain of the trek. It is another adventure as you walk on the icy patches of snow to reach the beautiful Roopkund. The white carpet of snow as your trail meanders through the rocky terrain during your climb is an experience every trekker love.

Summit climb to Junargali

The climb to Junargali is not possible every time as the weather changes rapidly at such high altitudes, making it inaccessible. But, if you are lucky and you go get a chance to make the summit climb, the view Junargali is the ‘cherry on top’ for a trek that already has so many features. As you climb to the summit, on one hand, you have the thrill of standing on the razor edge of Junargali, and on the other- you have the mind-numbing view of Mount Trishul, with nothing standing between you two. The view is truly breathtaking as along with Mount Trishul, you have several other peaks covering up the horizon as they stand tall right in front of you.

There is a popular saying – “ In the mountains, the best view comes after the hardest climb.” Sticking true to that, after you make your climb to the Roopkund lake, it is beautiful in every way. With frozen bones that one can find on the edge of the lake, that has a story of its own, the mysterious lake feels like it's frozen in time. With chilling temperatures and snow-covered mountain terrain all around, the Roopkund Lake is a beauty of its own kind.

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Secrets of Skeleton Lake, Uttarakhand: Roopkund Dark History

Yes, you heard it right! Roopkund in Uttarakhand is also known as the “Skeleton Lake”, or the “Mystery Lake” as hundreds of human skeletons are found scattered on its bed and the surrounding areas. And it sounds darker as no one knows the exact origin of all these dead people. 

As the snow melts during the summer months, this dreadful scenario of bones and skulls spread around Roopkund Uttarakhand comes to life. So, let’s know more about Roopkund’s history, natural beauty, trekking experiences, and the intriguing stories behind the mysterious skeletons.

Also Read: Dare To ‘Dine With Dead’ At Lucky Restaurant, Ahmedabad

About Roopkund Uttarakhand

The Roopkund trek route passes through the twin Bugyals (high-altitude meadows) of Ali and Bedni. What makes Roopkund trek Uttarakhand is the amazing views that it provides all along the route. You can enjoy some amazing views of Kedarnath, Chaukhamba, Neelkantha, Trishul & Nanda Ghunti peaks while in the Roopkund Trek. 

The campsites on the Roopkund trek trail are also very picturesque. The Roopkund trek Uttarakhand is recommended for experienced trekkers because of its moderate plus difficulty level. Roopkund trek best time is May – June, and September – October.

Also Read: The Story Of Kodinhi Village, Kerala: The Land Of 400+ Twins

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The Mythology of Roopkund

The Bedni Kund at the Bedni Bugyal on the Roopkund trek is a holy place, as this is the place where goddess Parvati killed the demon Mahisasura in her Kali incarnation. After the fight with the demons, goddess Parvati wanted to clean herself up. So, her husband, Lord Shiva, created a lake with his Trishul, surrounded by high mountains.

Lord Shiva stood guard when his wife Maa Parvati was having a bath in the lake. As she bathed, the goddess could see a clear reflection of herself in the blue waters of the lake, thus this lake got its name as Roopkund.

Discovery of Roopkund – The Skeleton Lake of India

As Madwa followed the trail of skeletons, he reached Roopkund and was shocked to find not just one or two, but a multitude of skeletons lying at the lake’s base. Fearing the worst, he thought these might be the remains of Japanese soldiers, considering it was the time of World War II. Without hesitation, he reported his discovery to the Indian army.

The puzzle of finding so many skeletons at the whooping height of 5,000 m, evoked the curiosity of scientists, researchers, and anthropologists. Later, a team of experts was sent to investigate. They excavated and researched almost 300 skeletons. Upon investigation, it was found that these skeletons were too old to be of the Japanese soldiers.

Upon asking the locals around, some shocking revelations opened up to the world. The locals knew about the skeletons and they had hid about it from the rest of the world. The story told by the locals was very shocking and unbelievable, but it is a famed legend in the region. The famous legend is also famous in the local folk songs.

The locals said that the skeletons are more than 700 years old. Along with the skeletons, the locals had also found some weapons, jewelry, leather footwear, clay pots, etc which justifies the famous legend of Roopkund and the cursed king, as told by the locals.

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The Legend of Roopkund – Victims of Angry Goddess

The king of Kannauj, along with his pregnant wife were on a pilgrimage to the Nanda Devi Shrine. They had to do the Roopkund trek to reach the temple, which was pretty unsafe for the pregnant queen. Many attendants and soldiers accompanied the king and the queen during this journey. 

On the Roopkund trek Uttarakhand, the convoy set their camps to spend the night. As a usual royal camp it would be, female dancers were also brought along for entertainment. It is said that this angered the goddess and the convoy was very disrespectful towards the females.

The rage of Nanda Devi escalated, when the queen delivered the baby at the campsite, which spoiled the holy land, thus making it impure. Outraged Nanda Devi showered iron balls from the sky, which caused the death of the whole convoy. It is still a topic of debate whether it was the iron balls that killed the convoy or the hailstorms, with hails as big as the fist that killed the group. 

The hailstorm story seems more believable since this region is prone to heavy hailstorms and snowstorms at this altitude. The whole convoy got buried under the snow. And with time, due to the seasonal melting of snow and boulder moments, the bodies flowed down to the Roopkund lake.

But, this story as told by the locals, seemed unbelievable at first, but pieces of evidence like the weapons, jewelry, pots, etc found around the lake by the locals, strongly back up this story. Many researchers also say that these skeletons belong to men, women and children, which possibly would have been a part of this pilgrimage journey with the king and queen.

A ritual of the Nanda Raj Jat Yatra that takes place every 12 years, is a result of this legendary story of the cursed king. After every 12 years pilgrims visit the Nanda Devi Shrine near Roopkund to seek blessings from Nanda Devi. This yatra is carried on with utmost respect to avoid the wrath of the goddess, just like the king of Kannauj and his troops.

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Interesting Findings About Roopkund Skeleton Mysteries

The research suggested that these skeletons were very old to be of the Japanese soldiers and that the skeletons were of all age groups of people – men, women, and children as well. This puzzled all the experts in the world, after which numerous researches were followed. Back-to-back research expeditions were done. 

Many theories like epidemic outbreak, pandemic, or ritual suicide came up, but most of the theories were discarded, due to the lack of evidence. No bacterial infection was found in these skeletons. 

It was noticed that most of the skulls seemed to be hit by some hard object, which can be iron balls, or most evidently hailstorms. These findings only backed up the story of the cursed king, which people only assumed to be a religious mythological story.

When these skeletons were sent for carbon dating (a process to find the age of skeletons)  it showed that there were 2 events, that caused the death of the people here. These events had a difference of 1000 years. It was also noticed that some skeletons were too large as compared to the average Indian height of the people.

In 2019, the research findings stated some mind-blowing results, when the DNA samples of 38 skeletons were collected for study. The results stated that there were people from 3 different genetic backgrounds – South Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Eurasia (majorly from Greece). 

After the research of the Roopkund Skeleton Lake, the mystery still prevails. Well, it is mostly assumed that these people were on a pilgrimage just like the king and queen of Kannuaj, but the actual cause of their deaths is still unknown. 

What do you think about the Roopkund Uttarakhand Mystery? Well, it is more than just a mythological story!

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• Roopkund Trek 2024: Unravelling The Skeleton Lake Mysteries

What was the inspiration behind your last trek? Was it something like – “reach the top, admire the serene beauty, camp under the star studded nights and pose like SRK with mountains behind for that photograph?”

Well! Let’s go beyond all of this, this time. Here is world, different from the world – when you are done admiring that beauty, camping and posing for photographs, take a trek to a summit of a mysterious lake that hid human and horse skeletons for centuries. A summit that holds together the mesmerising mountains, stunning serenity and some serious secrets. And for those who have not heard or, read about the challenging Roopkund Trek- the skeleton lake , here is…

Where Is Roopkund?

Image Credit – Schwiki for Wikimedia

Roopkund is a glacial lake amidst the virgin forests of Nanda Devi National Park in the  Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand. The lake sits at a height of 16, 500 ft. It is overlooked by the snow caped peaks of Nanda Ghunti and Trishul massif.

….Why Roopkund Is Known As The Skeleton Lake?

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Back in 1942, the lake’s skeletons were discovered by a Nanda Devi ranger. 30 skeletons were retrieved by the Nat Geo’s team, along with spearheads, rings and slippers. The carbon dating suggests that these skeletons, at the bed of the lake, date back to 800 AD. One of the popular explanations through DNA matching suggests that a group of 200 pilgrims from Maharashtra to Nanda Devi Raj Jat(once every 12 years) became victim to an avalanche. Another popular history is about General Zorawar Singh of Kashmir, and his men — who are said to have lost their way and perished in the high Himalayas, on their return journey after the Battle of Tibet in 1841.

There are many stories, but in 2013 there was a buzz that the mystery of the human skeletons of Roopkund has been solved. We’ll come to that too, but coming back to the trek for now.

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Why Should You Do The Roopkund Trek?

Following are some of the reasons why you should go for the Roopkund Trek which is one of the best trekking places in India.

1. For The Love Of Stunning Himalayas

A 360 degree view of the majestic snow clad peaks, unconditional serenity, and an infallible celebration of triumph – this climb up to the Roopkund lake is a journey of a lifetime. The entire experience will bring you back to yourself. The mountains will humble you down and the solitude will urge you to find inner peace.

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2. For Offline Socialising And Friends For Real

Seldom do you find a free space – a space different from the world around you. At 16,ooo ft, in the lap of nature, you would find some fellow humans to socialise – not through Facebook. You will have lot of real life stories to exchange, experiences to share and talks to remember.

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3. Frames Will Stay Till Immortality

These are some real vistas — some stunning frames to capture. Sky kissing peaks radiating bright whites of snow, sun peeping through the cloud kissing trees, stars dotting the sky to every centimeter and lush green meadows sprawling till the endless horizon – there is never enough of it. You will, we guarantee, come back with photos to boast and sell.

Let’s get you ready with some basics:

When Is The Best Time To Go For Roopkund Trekking?

Well there are two options – pre-monsoon and post monsoon.

The pre-monsoon months include the summers of May-June. The views, arguably, are better during this part of the year. The meadows of the valleys are greener, the famous lake is thawed enough for the skeletons to be seen. But you won’t spot much of snow, could be none actually.

The post monsoon months would be August-September. The meadows are on the browner side, the lake is frozen and there is snow –lot of it! If you are able to choose between the snow and the skeleton lake, you know your best time to do Roopkund.

And, before you start with the actual trekking, here are some important insights from someone who has already been to Roopkund.

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What Is The Difficulty Level Of The Trek?

Moderate to High. However, it is certainly not among the ones which can be done without any prior trekking experience — probably why it is the third best trek into the Himalayas. It certainly needs an optimum physical fitness and stamina. Remember, we are talking about 16,500 feet above sea level — 3, 500 ft higher than the normal breathable air. Oxygen level depletes up to 50% of the normal and hence — altitude sickness is expected, prior acclimatization is required in addition to the zeal for scaling the highs.

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What Is The Duration Of The Trek?

8 Days. The entire journey from and to Kathgodam Railway station takes eight days.

The Two Base Camps, Lohajung And Wan Village

So, there are two possible base camps for Roopkund Trek — Lohajung Village and The Wan Village.

The trek from Lohajung is usually preferred because it goes through one of the most amazing visual retreats of the climb — Ali Bugyal. However, it adds up 14 km to the climb and hence more of exhaustion.

Wan Village is well connected by road from Lohajung and hence the last motorable point of the trek. Starting here reduces the trekking distance by 15 km and hence, saves a lot of energy.

Suggestion: Take the ascent from Wan Village and Lohajung trail for descent to have the best of both the worlds.

Suggested Read : Trekking In Uttarakhand: The 22 Greatest Treks That Will Leave You Mesmerized

From The Base Camp: Do You Really Need Guides And Porters For Roopkund Trek?

Porters – Mandatory. Guide — Hire one if you are not a pro in mountaineering. Although, the trail has been marked for the convenience of any trekker, snow laden trails make it tough to locate and chose the path. In such a scenario, having a guide beside you comes in handy. With height, as the air gets thinner, even that ‘superlight’ rucksack on your back would pull you down. The porters not only help with the luggage but also with food supplies.

Both guides (at INR 500 per day) and porters (at INR 300 per day) can be found and hired from either of the base camps – Lohajung or Wan.

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Night Halts And Sites For Camping In Roopkund

Being a weeklong expedition full of natural marvels, Roopkund trek needs plenty of rest and admiration. The entire trail has a total of 5 camping sites. Bedni Bugyal, Didna Village, Bhagwabasa and Patthar Nachani are the famous camping sites.

Permits Required For Roopkund Trekking

So the entire trail is maintained and preserved by the forest department. You are required to present a permit for trekking and camping at several checkpoints along the trail. The permit can be obtained from the Office of Forest Officer at Lohajung. The process is very quick if you are carrying the required documents:

• a passport size photograph
• address proof
• fitness certificate, and
• a self assertion of voluntary participation in the trek

What To Pack

Take all the accessories that you need. Buy gumboots as the normal hiking shoes aren’t enough. They prevent the feet from frostbite, don’t get wet easily, and cost INR 400. Extra pair of socks, waterproof gloves, body warmers, flask bottles, exothermic pouches, trekking rods, and couple of sleeping bags are some of the most basic things.

1. Medical And Emergency Kits

Carry a first aid kit: Always remember, you are going to climb the half of Everest – good 4,000 metres. The conditions are exxtreme, always unpredictable and unbearable at times. Although the guides, usually, carry a full fledged first aid kit, do carry one with yourself.

Ensure medical fitness: Get acquainted with AMS – acute mountain sickness, and get yourself examined by your family doctor before you leave – remember the medical fitness certificate for permit?

Keep emergency contacts in a notepad: Apart from family and friends, keep the helpline numbers as they are useful in times of crisis.

Suggested Read: 12 Astounding Spots For Trekking In Ladakh That Need To Be On Every Hiker’s Bucket List

The Beauties Of The Roopkund Trek

Enough of preparation. Let’s take you through the enchanting beauty of the trek.

1. Roopkund Lake

So, the mystery lake — at the top. The lake, as is famous, contains remains and skeletons of humans and animals(horses) from the Palaeolithic years of human origin. In the lap of stunning Himalayas, this lake is overlooked by glaciers dotted by rocks, and bones.

2. Bhagwabasa

Nanda Ghunti, Kali Dak and Trishul — these peaks start showing up in the solitude of abandoned stone huts at Bhagwabasa. The entire trail of Bhagwabasa is dotted by stones and blocks of stones. The huts, until very late, used to be rented to the trekkers. The place is astonishingly beautiful and splendidly serene with a blanket of clouds.

3. Ali Bugyal

At 11,154 ft, Ali Bugyal is a luxury to any eye. Oaks, rhododendrons, birches and small shrubs cover the mountain floors and make it look like a cozy, comfortable, green bed of grass. With the Mrigthuni and Trishul peaks in the background, any frame of this highland meadow comes out as a perfect postcard photo from Arabian dreams. Cattles and horses grazing around are added elements.

Preparations Before You Drop At Kathgodam

Image Credit – Rootonara from Pixabay

Following are the things you should prepare well in advance.

• If you happen to be a photography enthusiast, carry extra batteries, enough of digital storage and a tripod to capture the long exposure shots of beautiful night skies.
• Do carry a wind cheater jacket, but do not use it while you are hiking. Use it only while you are camping.
• Walk at your natural pace. Do not overstress.
• While acclimatizing, drink enough water – almost four times the normal; keep yourself hydrated.
• Make sure your rucksack or any luggage bag is waterproof.
• Do not undermine anything that the guide suggests. Keep this in mind — he knows the region better than anyone of you.
• Carry comfortable shoes – a little loose than what you wear while running. Wear double layer socks.

Suggested Read: 7 Most Exciting Hiking Tours In India For A Soul-Satisfying Adventure

Tips For The Trek

Image Credit – Pixabay

Following are some of the important tips you should keep in mind –

• Avoid denim or jeans
• Avoid over stuffing of snacks, colas, alcohol, or personal food
• Don’t carry disposable plastic bottles or plastic wrapped/packaged items
• Do carry a raincoat as the weather is unpredictable at high altitudes

How To Reach Roopkund?

Kathgodam – Lohajung -Wan – Bedni Bugyal – Bhagwabusa – Roopkund Kathgodam is the nearest railhead to the base camps for Roopkund trek. Lohajung, the last motorable place is 221 km from Kathgodam railway station. Buses ply from Kathgodam to Lohajung and take 14-15 hours. One can hire a private taxi at INR 4,500 from Kathgodam. If you are traveling by a car/taxi, you can also get to Wan Village – another base camp for Roopkund.

Further Read: 10 Reasons To Visit Auli In Winter

Alright! Now that you have all the details of Roopkund Trek, when are you leaving? Plan a holiday to Uttarakhand without wasting a moment and make the best memories of your life. In case you need any more help, do drop in a message.

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• How To Reach

30°15'43.5"N 79°43'53.4"E

• Roopkund Trek

Inquire Now

May-June, Sept-Oct

Lohajung, Uttarakhand

Pickup Point

Railway Station, Dehradun

Minimum Age

• Experience the sputtering streams, stunning campgrounds during this astonishing Roopkund trek. Enjoy outdoors close to the falling water and the spotless night sky under the billions of stars. Likewise, appreciate a little campfire with your companions.
• Trek through probably the most snow-capped and backwoods of fir, Rhododendron, and Oak. Get an opportunity to observe the uncommon vegetation of this locale as you proceed with your trek. 
• Feast your eyes at the lofty perspective on the Mt Trishul lingers over the spot as you keep climbing. Enclosed by mountains, this is the ideal spot for taking some astonishing photos. Admire the forcing Chaukhamba go, Neelkanth top, Kedarnath, Kedar Dome.

Roopkund Trek is considered to be one of the most popular treks in India. Roopkund, also known as Mystery Lake, is a high elevation frosty lake in the Indian province of Uttarakhand. Roopkund lies in the lap of Trishul mountain chains and is popular since several human skeletons are found at the edge of the lake. The Roopkund (lake) is situated at an elevation of around 16,000 feet. It is encompassed by rock-strewn icy masses and snow-clad mountains, making it a decent trekking goal. The course prompting Roopkund goes through the twin Bugyals of Ali and Bedni. Up and down the Roopkund trail, you get astonishing perspectives on tops like Kedarnath, Chaukhamba, Neelkantha, Trishul and Nanda Ghunti. The delightful campgrounds of Roopkund trek are an incredible sight. Roopkund is prescribed for experienced trekkers due to its moderate level of difficulty in trekking.

The cold and frosty climate conditions can be said to be the purpose behind the protection of the skeletons for so long. The ideal climate conditions forestalled the skeletons to rot off and decay into the soil. With landscapes that were wild in the region, numerous bodies slipped into the lakes and remained there for quite a while. The bodies that fell into the lake had a more prominent period of usability when compared with the ones which stayed in the open. Anyway, it is as yet not decided whether this gathering of individuals lived here, or if they were going towards a goal. Verifiable proof of any exchange course towards Tibet has not been set up. In this way, it is difficult to decode the genuine reason for the gathering of individuals that were casualties to this common disaster. There are potential outcomes that the gathering might be going towards the Nanda Devi journey where Nanda Devi Raj Jat merriments happen once like clockwork.

Roopkund Trek with Trek Munk assures you the best of experiences and knowledge during the trek. A group of accomplished, certified Trek Leader and professional guides, will guide you for the trek with a suitable itinerary for all. Don't miss the chance of experiencing this adventurous and thrilling trekking journey of Roopkund Trek.

Best Time to Visit

The best time to go on a Roopkund trek is throughout the late spring months; May, June, and September, October. However, unquestionably, not during the Monsoon. There were floods and landslides during that time. Rainstorms start around July and therefore it's better to avoid that time for trekking.

Brief Itinerary

Detailed itinerary, day 1 : reaching base camp.

On the first day, trekkers will be taken to the base camp at Wan which is arranged 7,700 ft of altitude; this will take around 10-11 hrs from Dehradun. When we arrive at the base camp, the trekkers can rest and refresh themselves for the trek to start from the following day.

Day 2 : Trek to Ghaehroli Patal via Wan

We will trek to Ghaehroli Patal arranged at 10,000 ft of altitude. This is roughly a 4-5 hours trek. We will drive from 7,700 ft and start the trek from 8,000 ft to 10,000 ft. It will take 1 hour of drive to Wan and a 4-hour trek from Wan to Ghairoli Patal. Initial 30-45 minutes is required for reaching Ran Ka Dhar followed by a 20-minute plunge to the stream Neel Ganga and then a firm move of 3 hours from Neel Ganga to Ghairoli Patal.

Day 3 : Trek from Ghaehroli Patal to Bedni Bugyal

On the third day of the trek, we will go from Gharoli Petal to Bedni Bugyal which is arranged at an altitude of 11,500 ft. This trek will take around 4 hours. Bedni Bugyal is probably the greatest glade of Asia. It will take around 4 hours to Ali Bugyal followed by a delicate path to Bedni Bugyal.

Day 4 : Trek from Bedni Bugyal to Patar Nachauni

We will trek from Bedni Bugyal to Patar Nachauni arranged at 12,700 ft above. It’s a 4 hrs trek. The path to Patar Nachauni moves out of the Bedni campground in a steady, simple meander. From your Bedni campground, you can tail it with your eye for 3 km before it vanishes into a seat in the mountain. The view is diversely entrancing. Just because you likewise observe remainders of the winter snow on the mountain flanks (on the opposite side).

Day 5 : Trek to Bhagwabhasa - the summit base camp

We will trek from Patar Nachauni to Bhagwabasa which stands at a height of 14,100 ft. This trek takes around 5 hours to complete. After we reach Bhagwabasa we will complete 3 hours' lofty climb to Kalu Vinayak which is 14,300 ft high and thereafter we will return to Bhagwabasa. The move to Kalu Vinayak is a precarious crisscross up the mountainside and will take you to 14,500 ft. The distance isn't a lot, and the crisscross path makes you gain height fast. We will be climbing this area at a slow pace. There truly is no rush and regardless of whether you are the slowest in the group, you can arrive at Bhagwabasa in agreeable time. Taking brief breaks at regular intervals will be necessary.

Day 6 : Trek to Roopkund and back to Patar Nachauni

On this day, we will trek from Bhagwabasa to Roopkund which is 15,750 ft above, and then further up to Junargali at an altitude of 16,000 ft. We will come back to Patar Nachauni through Bhagwabasa, this trek takes around 9 hours. The path begins with the steady climb to Roopkund with 20 minutes moving through the switchbacks. 20-25 minutes for moving forward to Junargali and after a dubious drop on the curves from Roopkund, we trail back to Patar Nachauni.

Day 7 : Trek to Wan

We will be slipping on this day from Patar Nachauni to Wan through Bedni; this will take roughly 6½ hours to Wan. Plummeting trail directly we move from Gharoli Petal to Neel Ganga and then a short climbing stretch from Neel Ganga to Ranka Dhar.

Day 8 : Depart for Dehradun

The last day of the trek and you will be driven from Wan to Dehradun. This will take approximately 10-11 hours. One can book their onward journey in the night.

We can arrange a cab for you from the pickup point in Dehradun, the charges for the same are not included in the package. The cost of the cab can be shared among the trekkers joining the trek. For communications purposes, we will create a Whatsapp Group before the departure date of the trek and will share the details regarding the transportation. The drop at Dehradun after the trek will be arranged in a similar way.

How to reach Roopkund Trek Base camp (Lohajung) :

Jolly Grant Airport is the nearest airport to Dehradun and is easily accessible, it is just 25 km away from the city. Daily flights from New Delhi are available to this airport. You will have to take a private cab from the airport to Lohajung or you can take a bus to Lohajung from the bus stand which starts early in the morning.

Dehradun railway station. Overnight trains that hail from Delhi are Nandadevi Express and Dehradun Express. People often prefer railways over airways because with trains you get to see the landscape in its full glory, it is also cheaper and you will definitely enjoy your way till Dehradun.  You will have to take a private cab from the airport to Lohajung or you can take a bus to Lohajung from the bus stand which starts early in the morning.

Regular bus service is available from Delhi ISBT Kashmere Gate which plies government buses that are safe and you can rely on them more than the private buses.  You will have to take a private cab from the airport to Lohajung or you can take a bus to Lohajung from the bus stand which starts early in the morning.

Latest Stories

Why trek with us .

Get Yourself Fit

Nutrition tips, things to take, health & safety.

• Accommodations at Trek:  All accommodations on the trek will be on twin sharing basis in Tents or Homestays. Any accommodation in a hotel/guest house/hostel will be in a budget hotel.
• Trek Leader and Guides:  An experienced and certified Trek Leader , as well as a professional guide, will accompany you for the trek. The team will have years of experience and well equipped for any emergency situation.
• Services of a Professional Trekking Team:  A team of an experienced Cook, Camp Staff, Porters/Mules will accompany you for all the arrangements on the trek .
• Meals:  All Meals on the Trek are included. We will serve Vegetarian Indian food on the trek which will be cooked by our high altitude chefs. It will be a five-course meal plan.
• Camping and Safety Equipment:  All the camping equipment such as Tents, Sleeping bags, Toilet Tents, Dining Tent, Mattresses, and other things will be provided by us and we guarantee the quality. Safety Equipment including Medical kit, Oxygen Cylinder, Oximeter, Crampons & Gaiters(if required) will be provided by us. We recommend you to bring your own sleeping bags if possible.
• Trek Permits and Forest Camping Charges:  Only for Indian Clients, All the applicable trekking permits, Camping Charges, Forest Entry Fee, etc will be paid by us. Foreigners have to pay these charges if not mentioned.
• A Life-Changing Experience:  We assure you that by trekking in the Himalayas you will have a life-changing experience and we will do everything we can to provide you with the best services and make your venture in the wild an unforgettable one. 

Note: Prior to booking any adventure with Trekmunk, it will be mandatory to sign the waiver form and get a medical certificate from a doctor in due time, without these, you will not be allowed to start the trek. All this will be done online without using any paper.

• GST and Other Taxes:  The goods and services tax is not included in the price mentioned with the trek. They are subjected to change according to the government rules of India.
• Accommodation and Food in Dehradun:  Food and stay in Dehradun and during transit to Lohajung and back are not included in the package. You can book your hotels or homestays in Dehradun, we can recommend a few good options.
• Flights and Transportation to and fro base camp:  Flights or other means of transport are not included in the package. Transportation from Dehradun to Lohajung and Lohajung to Dehradun is not included in the package. We can arrange a cab for you according to your requirements but you will be liable to pay for the same. Any expenses occurred during the journey are not included in the package cost.
• Personal Equipment:  Your Rucksack, personal clothing, shoes, trek poles, and other personal trekking gear is not included in this package. You have to bring your own gear according to the weather and difficulty of the trek.
• Portage of Personal Bags(Offloading):  We highly advise you to carry your own burden (your rucksack) but due to any reason, if you wish to not carry your rucksack, we can arrange for a porter/mule to carry it. For this service, you will be charged over and above the trek cost. The charges for offloading vary with every trek.
• Travel Insurance:  Travel Insurance is not included in this package. We recommend you to have travel insurance before opting for such adventures. You can buy insurance from us while booking the trek, it is optional.
• Personal Expenses:  Any personal expenses incurred (Laundry, Bottled Water, Beverages, Snacks, Orders at tea houses or dhabas, Tips for guides, Camera fees, etc) are not included in the package.
• Emergency Expenses:  Any costs arising out of unforeseen circumstances such as accidents, bad weather, landslides, road conditions and any other circumstances beyond our control are not included in the package.
• Anything not mentioned in Inclusions of the package.

Cancellation Policy And More Information

Booking Terms:

1. Confirmation Policy :

Upon Booking, An invoice will be sent to your mail & within 12 to 24 hours the booking confirmation with additional details will be sent to your mail.

2.  Cancellation Policy:

Note: Following Cancellation policy will be followed for departures booked on or before 31st May 2021-

1)  Cancellation up to 7 days before the start date of the trek:   Get a complete cash refund (minus 5% transaction fee). The money is refunded to the same bank account, credit, or debit card from where the payment was made. 

2)  Cancellation during the last 6 days before the start date of the trek, and not counting the day of the trek:  Full refund with 100% of the trek fee in the form of a Trekmunk Trek Voucher. Valid for 1 year from the date of issue. Can be used on any Trekmunk trek. 

3)  Cancellation on the start day of the trek, or no show on the start day of the trek : Unfortunately, no refund. 

For more details, go to https://www.trekmunk.com/cancellation-policy

3. Refund Policy:

Any refund applicable will be processed within 10 to 15 business days as per the company policy.

4. Postpone/Transfer of a booked trek:

1. You can postpone your booked trek for a period of two months (61 days) but we will charge a 20% processing fee. The last date for the postponement will be 15 days before the start of the trek. Failing to book the slot in 2 months (61 days) time, would be considered a cancellation with no refund of any kind. Postpone of a booked trek can only be done once. 

2. You can transfer your booked slot for the trek to any fit person till 15 days before the trek. You just have to mail us the request and rest we will handle. The new person has to get all the mandatory documents duly signed for the trek.

More Information: 

1. We Trek for a Cause : For overall development of the areas we run our operations in, we donate Rs 100/- per booking from our profits which are used for the upliftment of the local people and conserving nature. We have named this initiative as - Trek for a Cause. For more details, follow: https://www.trekmunk.com/trek-for-a-cause

2. We are paperless : We are focusing on Sustainable Tourism and to do that we are trying all measures to convert our trek operations to be Eco-Friendly. Going Paperless is one step closer to our aim. 

3. Single-Use Plastic : Trekmunk does not encourage the use of single-use plastic items. We are ensuring that our team is working together to reduce the problem and educate those around them. We will send you instructions on how to go plastic-free on your adventures.

4. Preparing for your Holiday : Getting some additional exercise makes a lot of sense to spend time before coming on a trekking adventure. The fitter you are, the more enjoyable you will find the experience. Hiking in the hill country is the best training but jogging, squash and swimming are also good for developing cardiovascular fitness and stamina. To read more on how to get fit, follow: https://www.trekmunk.com/get-fit-for-trek  

5. Electricity Supply & Plug : You will get electricity supply till the starting point of the trek. If not Indian, We recommend you check if you require an adaptor for your electrical items at: http://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/plugs-and-sockets/

6. Currency: The unit of currency in India is the Indian Rupees.

7. Health & Vaccinations: 

Severe Allergies : If you have a severe allergy please inform the Trekmunk office before you travel. We will do all we can to help, but we cannot guarantee an allergy-free environment on trekmunk trips. You will need to carry your own treatment for the allergy with you, as 'adrenaline auto-injectors' are not carried as standard by our leaders and staff. You should inform your leader on the arrival of your allergy, and let them know where you keep your adrenaline pen.

Vaccinations : You should contact your doctor or travel clinic to check whether you require any specific vaccinations or other preventive measures. You should be up to date with routine courses and boosters as recommended e.g. diphtheria-tetanus-polio and measles-mumps-rubella, along with hepatitis A and typhoid. Malarial prophylaxis is not usually required for trips in the mountains, however, if you are visiting rural and remote low lying areas then they might be necessary. 

8. Passport & Visas/Identity Proofs : If foreigner, Validity for 6 months, should have blank pages, and should be kept with yourself all the time.

9. Water : If you are on a trekking or cycling holiday, water is supplied to fill up your individual bottles. This will be boiled or filtered. Additionally, you should take purification tablets or a filter bottle (such as a LifeStraw, Sawyer Filter) to treat your water when in towns or where water is not supplied. We do not encourage the purchasing of single-use plastic bottles.

10. Altitude : This adventure involves going to a very high altitude. This is not something that you should worry about; the human body is quite capable of adapting to a very wide range of altitudes, but it is important that we follow some simple rules in order to acclimatize successfully. We will send you the information in your mailbox about Acute Mountain Sickness and trekking in high altitudes. On this trip, we carry bottled oxygen for use in emergencies.

11. Guidance on Tipping : Tipping is the accepted way of saying thank you for good service. Normally the guide and any other trek staff are given their tips at the end of the trek and this is best done as a group. The main guide will make sure that the tip is appropriately distributed among all the staff members on the trek.

12. Spending/Emergency Money : Approximately Rs. 8000-10000/- (in Indian Currency)should be carried for miscellaneous expenses including porter and trek crew tips, drinks, soft drinks, etc. We recommend that you carry your travel money in the form of cash as the availability of ATM is less in these remote areas. This can also serve as your emergency spending money.

13. Travel Insurance : It is recommended to have travel insurance for these kinds of adventures. When taking out insurance please ensure the policy you choose covers you for the activities and altitude included in your itinerary. We will ask for the Travel Insurance Details over a mail. Indians can buy insurance from us while booking the trek.

I had the best time of my life at Sandakhphu Phalut trek arranged by Trekmunk. Literally I felt like I was in heaven and I was soo very happy. I will recommend everyone to opt for Trekmunk. I was a solo woman traveler and was a bit worried, but things went very smoothly and I en ...

Chadar trek is considered to be one of the most difficult and dangerous treks, which requires a lot of skilled trek leaders, a perfect guide and a strong team of porters. I choose Trekmunk for Chadar and they proved they are a perfect team. Highly skilled trek leaders, profession ...

I chose (after a lot of research) Trekmunk for my first trek - The Hampta Pass and Chandratal Trek. And I am so really glad I did so. The trekker needs to only focus on the trek and the beautiful landscape around him/her. The rest of everything is taken care of by Trekmunk from d ...

I had the best time of my life at Sandakhphu Phalut trek arranged by Trekmunk. Literally I felt like I was in heaven and I was soo very happy. I will recommend everyone to opt for Trekmunk. I was a solo woman traveler and was a bit worried, but things went very smoothly and I enjoyed it a lot. I miss my fellow trekkers too. I am very satisfied with their arrangements.

Chadar trek is considered to be one of the most difficult and dangerous treks, which requires a lot of skilled trek leaders, a perfect guide and a strong team of porters. I choose Trekmunk for Chadar and they proved they are a perfect team. Highly skilled trek leaders, professional skiers, gave us details on how to walk on slippery ice. Professionally trained and certified with wilderness medication programs always ready to take your care in any condition and travelers themselves. One will enjoy their company, their travel stories and their way of leading a trek. Cheers to team Trekmunk.

I chose (after a lot of research) Trekmunk for my first trek - The Hampta Pass and Chandratal Trek. And I am so really glad I did so. The trekker needs to only focus on the trek and the beautiful landscape around him/her. The rest of everything is taken care of by Trekmunk from day 1 till the end of the trek. Scrupulously managed logistics; no compromise on safety and security; experienced, intelligent and knowledgeable trek leaders; scrumptious meals; contingency and backup plans; etc. make Trekmunk an ideal choice to go trekking with. My trek was lead by Ashish Pathania, Prashant Reddy and Sanjay Thakur. The three are were thorough professionals. They were jolly, very helpful, experienced, knowledgeable, organized, and needless to say polite yet strict when needed. They played the most important roles in making sure our overall trekking experience was a wonderful one. Thank you Trekmunk for one of the most beautiful experiences I have had till date. Will see you guys soon.

I had the most wonderful experience trekking through the ranges of Chandrashila with Trekmunk. The small moments of achievement were phenomenal. Chandrashila is the most astonishing peak that I've ever trekked through; I've never been so fascinated. I think I am going to go for another trek with Trekmunk soon enough! The kind of hospitality that is provided to us is worth appreciating. I made many new friends and have enjoyed each and every day of this trek to its fullest.

No words for the bike trip from Srinagar to Leh. One should experience it to feel it and all this because of the management of Trekmunk especially Mohit and Harshit whose efforts even made the hardest of the ride exciting adventurous and above all safe. Although some hindrances which are quite common like bike issues and medical problems arose with our co-riders, I liked the way these two guys handled it dexterously. I went with one of my best friends and came with a lot more and the trip turned out to be memories that can be cherished for a lifetime. Thanks, Team Trekmunk for giving me a wonderful experience. I can't wait to go on my next adventure with them.

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About Roopkund Trek

Set amidst the benevolent mountainous peaks, the Roopkund Lake remains in the spotlight for its unsolved mystery. It has been nicknamed as the ' Mystery Lake ' as the remains of human skeletons and horses belonging to the Palaeolithic age can be seen here. 

The adrenaline pumping trek to Roopkund starts from  Lohajung , a tiny pass seated at  16,499  feet above sea level in the Garhwal Himalayas. This shallow lake has a depth of about 2 metres and is the most popular lake in the entire Uttarakhand.  The lake is nestled amidst panoramic mountain scenery, surrounded by rock-strewn glacier. 

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Roopkund - Mysterious Skeleton Lake

Visit high alpine meadows offering enchanting greenery and the sacred Bedni Kund holding crystal clear water. The trek goes steep to Roopkund from Bedni Bugya l . Baguabasa is situated at an elevation of 4,100 mts above sea level, situated 5 kms short of Roopkund. The weather is unpredictable at such high altitudes so do carry raincoats.

Roopkund remains frozen for almost all the time of the year. The skeletal remains around Roopkund are believed to be 500-600 years old. While traveling to Roopkund you get a chance to trek through villages rich in pahari culture. 

Why Roopkund trek?

• The famed Roopkund Lake remains frozen throughout the year. 
• It is surrounded by the rock-strewn glaciers and the snow-clad mountains, giving it an enigmatic aura that invites several tourists to explore this area. 
• While traversing to Roopkund you can get a chance to have an insight of the rich Pahari culture of the villages. 
• You can walk on the alpine meadows and also visit the sacred Bedni Kund having crystal clear water. 
• Bhagwabasa situated at an elevation of 4,100 metres is 5 km before Roopkund. 
• The trek to Roopkund is steep from Bedni Bugyal therefore, one needs prior trekking experience . 

Video of Roopkund Trek by Live for Adventure Group

Roopkund and Nanda Devi Raj Jat Yatra

The great ' Nanda Devi Raj Jat Yatra' is held in every 12 years from Nauti village near Karnaprayag to Homkund near Roopkund. This yatra is dedicated to Goddess Nanda. A large number of people from Garhwal and Kumaon take part in this tough holy yatra.

Many stories were also made about the mysterious human skeletons of Roopkund. According to research it was indicated that the people were from the 12th century to the 15th century who died of hailstorm. But it is still a mystery that what were those people doing there. 

• Places to See in Roopkund Trek

Roopkund Trek Travel Tips

• Travelling in monsoons should be avoided as the hilly region in Uttarakhand has its fair share of incessant rainfall. Moreover, the region is prone to unexpected landslides and road blocks.
• The weather is unpredictable at such high altitudes so do carry a raincoat along with you.
• Inform someone in your family or friends about your trek and let them know when the trek will begin and end. Avoid hiking alone in the Himalayan wilderness.

Staying in Roopkund Trek

Being a remote location, there are no hotels, resorts or guesthouses at Roopkund. The trekkers take tents along with them and camp along the trail when they halt at night. Few budget accommodation facilities are available at Wan, which is the last habitable village on the trail. The tour operators usually provide camping equipments.

Wan is the last point where you can get accommodation facility while traveing to Roopkund. You will find GMVN Guest house in Wan . During the remaining trekking route you must carry your own camping tents for accommodation.

Roopkund Trek Food Guide

Trekkers take the food supplies with themselves that they purchased before starting the trek. A cook can prepare a delicious cooked meal. Generally, packaged food is a viable option at these remote locations.

Mythology about Roopkund Trek

According to the Hindu mythology, when Goddess Parvati and Lord Shiva were heading to Kailash after annihilating the demons, the goddess wanted to clean herself. Shiva then created a ' kund ' or lake with the help of his Trishul so his consort can have a bath. While taking a dip in the lake, Parvati saw her beautiful reflection and was bewitched by it. Hence, the lake was named as Roopkund . 

While, the other legend states that, Raja Jasdhaval, the King of Kanauj angered the Goddess Nanda Devi by taking his pregnant wife along with numerous dancers, musicians, and servants on a pilgrimage to Nanda Devi shrine. Having disturbed the peace of her sacred land with their elaborate entourage, Rani Balampa, the Queen of Raja Jasdhaval then delivered a baby at a cave nearby (considered as unclean for a certain period of time). The entourage followed by other unpleasant events infuriated the Goddess and she showed her wrath in the form of a severe storm. It is believed that hailstones as big as tennis ball fell on the head of the pilgrims, which lead to their sudden death.

Suggested Roopkund Trek Itinerary 

Day 01: kathgodam-lohajung  (drive :10 kms, 10 hours).

Reach Kathgodam by Ranikhet Express. From Kathgodam, you have two options to reach Lohajung . If you are in a group then hiring a cab to Lohajung is the best option for you. If you want to save money then travel by public transport for that you have to break your journey into two parts i.e. Kathgodam to Gwaldam by bus/shared cab and then Gwaldam to Lohajung. Budget accommodations are available at Lohajung.

Day 2: Lohajung-Didna Village (Trek: 6.5 kms)

Wake up early and take the trail to Raun Bagad, just behind the bus stand in Lohajung. This fairly marked trail descends through the mixed forest and it will take around two and a half hours to reach Ruan Bagad. Alternatively, you can also reach there by taking the road towards Wan village . After a 6 km walk to Kuling village, there is a steep slope towards Ruan Bagad. Hereafter, the climb to Didina village starts after crossing the iron bridge. After a steep climb, you will reach Didina in an hour. Halt at Didina for the night.

Day 3:   Didna Village-Ali Bugyal (Trek: 10.5 kms)

Start off early; there are two alternative routes from Didina that leads to Ali Bugyal . Take the trail to Tolapani, where you can find the cluster of shepherd huts. Tolapani can be seen from the valley and it is only 3 km away from here. From Tolapani take the trail that leads to Tolkaan. This meadow trek goes through a series of switchbacks and the thick oak forests. Take the sharp left towards the south and move towards the ridge.

 Alternatively, take the climb towards Ali Bugyal without going through Tolapani. If you want to savour the spellbinding views then reach here before afternoon. Relax amidst the natural vistas and have an overnight stay in the tents.

Day 4: Ali Bugyal-Patar Nachuni via Bedni Bugyal and Ghora Lautani (Trek: 7 kms)

 The day four is an easy trek so just follow the straight line ahead of you up to 3 km. Soon you will come across a ridge, from where the view is absolutely gorgeous. Ghora Lotani is a beautiful campsite that offers picturesque views. Pitch your tents here and spend the night by rolling under the cluster of stars. 

Day 5: Patar Nachuni- Bhagwabasa via Kalu Vinayak (Trek: 4 kms )

Gear up to trek on the snow line, this trek will take you closer to an altitude of 14,500 feet and will give you the chills of the weather. Start the trek early as you have to reach Bhagwabasa before the weather becomes harsh. Ascend to Kalu Vinayak, a steep zig-zag way that takes you up to the mountain. It will take one and a half hours to cross this section. Bhagwabasa is only 2 km away from here. The trail towards Bhagwabasa moves through the snow patches and you can enjoy scenic views throughout the journey. 

Day 6: Bhagwabasa-Roopkund- Patar Nachuni (Trek: 10 kms)

Start traversing as early as 4 am. The sooner you’ll start the easy it will be to make your way through the snow as it will be hard and your feet will not sink in. To reach Roopkund, you have to climb 3 km uphill from Bhagwabasa which will take 3 and a half hour to reach. 

On reaching Roopkund, relish a magnificent view of the glacial lake and if the weather is fine then climb up to Junargali. In hardly 30 minutes, you will reach Junargali. You can start off early to return back to Bedni Bugyal via Bhagwabasa. Be careful while crossing this tricky stretch as the snowy slopes may become a problem. 

Day 7: Patar Nachuni-Lohajung via Bedni and Wan (Trek: 15 kms)

Get ready to make your way back to Lohajung via Wan village. This well-marked trail can be easily crossed. On a clear day, you can have a stunning view of the Trishul peak, while returning back from Bedni Bugyal to Wan village. Walkthrough the dense rhododendron forests; soon you will see a steep descent for the Neel Ganga River. 

From here, it will take an hour or so to climb the ridge over Wan village. The total trekking distance to Wan village can be completed in 6 and a half hours. After that, it is an hour’s drive back to Lohajung, where you can stay for the night.

Day 8: Lohajung to Kathgodam (Drive: 210 kms)

Bid adieu to the exhilarating trekking journey and post breakfast drive to Kathgodam from Lohajung village. 

Roopkund Trek Photo Gallery

• Roopkund Trek Travel Guide
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• Roopkund Trek FAQs
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What is Roopkund Trek famous for?

Roopkund Trek is famous among tourist as Mysterious Lake, Trekking, Camping, Long Trek, Summer Trek, Adventure, Pilgrimage.

Roopkund Trek is recommended destination for Foreigners, Groups.

Roopkund Trek is popular destination for following activities/ interests - Adventure , Lakes , Religious , Trekking .

Uttarakhand Travel Update

Check out: Best Treks Monsoon treks in Uttarakhand

Places to Visit in Uttarakhand during Monsoons:   Valley of Flowers - Hemkund Sahib - Rishikesh  - Chakrata - Mussoorie - Naintial - Binsar

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Kedarnath Helicopter Shuttle service booking open for travel till 31 Oct 2024

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Last Updated: 08 Aug 2024

Roopkund Trek overview

• Best time to visit Roopkund Trek May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct,
• Starts from Lohajung
• Trek Distance 38 kms
• Trek grade Tough
• Trek duration 8 days
• Altitude range 4900 mts
• Located in Chamoli, Garhwal
• Famous for Mysterious Lake, Trekking, Camping, Long Trek, Summer Trek, Adventure, Pilgrimage

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• 8 Days/7 Nights
• 16470 ft./5020 m
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• May-June | September
• Uttarakhand

Roopkund Trek Overview

If there is one trek every trekker longs to experience, the Roopkund Lake trek undoubtedly tops that list. The mysterious human skeletons and innumerable theories around the lake intrigue every trekker to explore the Roopkund trail. 

Located in Chamoli district in Uttarakhand, the Roopkund Lake trek is full of adventure, mysteries, mountains, and exotic meadows. The tales of mystery begin right at the Basecamp village. Roopkund has been shrouded in mysteries with no common conclusion. The locals tell a story of the mystery Lake and believe that different theories justify the human skeletons at 16,000 ft. above sea level. 

Curious Case of Human Skeletons 

The skeletons found in this lake are believed to be from the Palaeolithic age, and around 500 skeletons of humans and horses were rediscovered here in the 1940s. Scientists from India and Europe explored the lake to study these skeletons. Their findings state that the skeletons belonged to people bearing different physical features and morphological structures. The locals share the stories passed on to them by their ancestors. Roopkund Lake remains frozen for most of the year and is surrounded by rock-strewn glaciers. The lake is around 2 meters deep and requires you to walk on a steep descent to reach the back of the lake. 

The Roopkund Experience offers you raw outdoor wilderness and ancient historical anecdotes. Roopkund Experience is a heart-pounding journey across the ancient trails of the holy and mysterious lake in India. Roopkund Experience takes you through deep forests enwrapped in Rhododendron and Oak trees. The walk along the forests of Ghairoli Patal suddenly burst into the enormous meadows of Ali and Bedni Bugyal. The meadows offer the panoramic view of the two most stunning high-altitude meadows- This transition from forests to meadows is a true joy to behold! With beautiful rolling meadows, never-ending alpine stretches, steep climbs, and fun descents, this trek offers a gamut of experiences.

While you make your way towards Junargali, the ridge walk is a spine-chilling experience you can count on for that added adrenaline rush! You’ll get to interact with local Himalayan communities situated in the high Himalayas, know their traditions and cultures, and learn about rare flora like Brahmakamal (Queen of the Night) as you walk across these trails laid out in faith and belief. And, if you’re into bird watching or photography, this trek will reward you with glimpses of exotic varieties of flora and fauna.

Spectacular Mountain Views

As you climb higher up the ridge above Roopkund, you’ll be rewarded with the panoramic spectacle of the majestic Mt. Trishul and Mt. Nanda Ghunti awaiting you in all their glory. For a second, you’ll feel like you can almost touch them. You can almost feel the primal, nerve-wracking excitement in the air around you – It’s palpable! Allow yourself to be engulfed in this experience of mysteries, meadows, and mountains. Not every day you get to be on a trek so spectacularly ethereal and rewarding in all its glory and tradition.

Roopkund trek brochure

Inclusions .

• Breakfast, Lunch and Dinners (Day 1 Dinner to Day 8 Breakfast)
• Tents, Homestays/Dorms
• Cloakroom Charges 
• Trained and Qualified Guides
• Certified Outdoor Leaders
• National Parks and Sanctuaries
• Forest Permits and Entry fees 
• Kitchen Tent
•  Toilet Tent
• Dome Tents 
• Sleeping Bags
• Wilderness Medical Kit
• Climbing Rope 
• Climbing Accessories
• Microspikes
• Oxygen Cylinder
•  Oximeter, Thermometer etc.

Exclusions 

• Cab charges to and from OWLS Basecamp.
• Meals during transit to and from OWLS Basecamp.
• Personal expenses 
• Offloading charges 
• Cost incurred due to change in the itinerary 
• Additional services  (including mules, assistance, health-related support etc.)
• Anything not mentioned in the Inclusions list. 

Roopkund Trek Itinerary

Day 1 : dehradun (2,150 ft.) to lohajung (7,700 ft.).

On Day 1, you reach the base camp of Ali Bedni Bugyal Lohajung, a remote village situated in the Eastern Garhwal side of the Himalayas.

OWLS organizes the transport from Dehradun to Lohajung. The taxi leaves the OWLS pick-up point, Inter State Bus Stand, Dehradun (ISBT Dehradun) at 6 AM. The distance of around 293 Kms is covered in 9-10 hours. On the first day of the trek, our participants reach the base camp Lohajung. The drive to Lohajung itself is exhilarating as it traverses through mountain roads and thick forests of pine and deodar along the roads.

Note: Fare for a 5-7 seater cab will be Rs. 6,500 per vehicle and the cost of a 12-seater Tempo Traveller is Rs. 9,500. This amount will be shared by the participants and paid directly to the driver.

Day 2 : Lohajung (7,700 ft.) to Didna (8,200 ft.)

You start from the base camp Lohajung on Day 2 of your Roopkund Experience. To reach the first campsite of Didna, you will have to cross patches of some steep ascent on the trail. You will walk along the forest-covered trail with a variety of birds and flora to keep you company. In spring, the trail will be laden with Rhododendron of different shades turning the forest a sight to behold.

Day 3 : Didna (8,200 ft.) to Ali Bugyal (11,700 ft.)

The trail is categorized as moderate to difficult today. There are some gradual ascents along with a comfortable walk. The highlight of the day is walking on the soft velvety grass of Ali meadows. You will reach the meadow and experience the vastness of the green carpet while enjoying the towering mountains in front of you. The undulating meadows of Ali Bedni spread over acres with no sight of its end. You cannot help but immerse yourself in the vastness of the mesmerizing meadows of Ali.

Besides meadows, you will enjoy the clear mountain views on the trail. In the winter months, the view of the mountains is crisper. On the trail, you will also witness the grandeur of Mt. Chaukhamba gazing at you from a distance.

Day 4 : Ali Bugyal (11,700 ft.) to Patar Nachauni (12,700 ft.) Via Bedni Bugyal (11,700 ft.)

​ The day starts with a  lovely walk across the meadows followed by a steep ascent for almost an hour till you reach the trail leading to Patar Nachauni from Bedni Bugyal. This is followed by a trail walk of a gradually ascending trail that joins the route joining the trail leading to Roopkund Lake.

Day 5 : Patar Nachauni (12,700 ft.) to Bhagwabasa (14,100 ft.)

On Day 5, the distance covered is less compared to the other days, but there is a considerable height gain which makes you exhausted during this climb. You start from the Patar Nachauni campsite and climb up the steep ascent to Kalu Vinayak (a temple) on the way to Bhagwabasa.

From Kalu Vinayak, the trail descends to Bhagwabasa, which offers a grand view of the mountains and a waterfall flowing from between the rocks.

Day 6 : Bhagwabasa (14,100 ft.) to Roopkund (15,750 ft.) to Junargali (16,470 ft.). Return to Patar Nachauni via Bhagwabasa

Day 6 of the trek starts with a gradual climb followed by a steep climb that takes you from Bhagwabasa to Roopkund. Once at the lake, you witness the infamous skeletons which are shrouded in mystery.

Another 45-minute climb takes you to Junargali Pass where you are awestruck by the view of Mt. Trishul which presents itself from bottom to top from here. On the right side is the glacier and on the left side is the sea of boulders called ‘Sheela Samudra’

Day 7 : Patar Nachauni (12,700 ft.) to Wan (8,000 ft.) via Bedni Bugyal (11,300 ft.)

Day 7 is long as we descend from Patar Nachauni, crossing the Gairoli patal forest to Wan. Gairoli Patal is the last point on the trek.   Mt. Trishul appears magical from this location. The trail is a well-defined man-made trail with a gradual descent to Wan. You will walk through forests of Rhododendron and oak trees.

Day 8 : Drive back to Dehradun (2,150 ft.)

Post experiencing the Roopkund trek, you will return to Dehradun on Day 8

How to reach the basecamp of Roopkund trek?

✈️ nearest airport – jolly grant airport, dehradun, 🚉 nearest railway station – dehradun railway station.

Roopkund is in Chamoli District of Uttarakhand, with its base camp in Lohajung. The base camp is around 293 km and is approximately 10-11 hrs drive from Dehradun. To reach the base camp in Lohajung, you have to first arrive in Dehradun.

Dehradun is well connected by air, train, and road. Book your tickets to Dehradun in advance and grab tickets at cheaper rates. You can choose to travel by air from any metro city to Dehradun. The other option is to reach Delhi by air and travel by train or bus from Delhi onwards.

Here is a guide to plan your travel step by step to reach Dehradun.

Roopkund trek takes 8 days to complete, including travel to and from the basecamp.  we suggest our participants reach Dehradun on Day 0, and not Day 1. It allows you to rest before the trek begins and ensures you do not miss the OWLS pickup from Dehradun on Day 1.

Here is a guide on how to plan your travel step by step to reach Dehradun

• Reach Dehradun directly by air or train on Day 0
• Fly to Delhi and board a bus or train to reach Dehradun on Day 0
• OWLS pickup from Dehradun on Day 1 at ISBT, Dehradun 

Travel Plan A – By Air till Dehradun

 If you are reaching Dehradun by air, here are a few options for planning your travel. Dehradun Airport is well connected with all the metro cities.  Book a direct or connecting flight to Dehradun. If you plan to reach Dehradun by air, ensure to land in Dehradun on Day 0. 

Dehradun city is 32 km away from the Jolly Grant Airport. It takes 1 hour to reach the city. You can opt to hire a cab/auto directly from the Airport. The other option is to exit the Airport complex and book an auto. The charges for prepaid cabs at the airport are exorbitant.  Another low-cost alternative to get to Dehradun city is to travel on a city bus. Walk towards the Dehradun – Rishikesh highway and hop on a shared auto or city bus. You will have to wait for the bus. Regular city buses run between Dehradun and Rishikesh almost every half an hour. 

If you land in Dehradun on day 0, book a hotel or dorm near ISBT, Dehradun.   Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam’s hotel is 10 minutes away from ISBT and offers rooms at reasonable rates. They have economical as well as deluxe rooms. 

OWLS pick-up will be available on Day 1 at ISBT Dehradun at 6. a.m. 

Travel Plan B by train/ bus from Delhi

This option will be economical for you. Flight to Dehradun will be slightly priced higher than flight to Delhi. To cut down your travel budget, fly to Delhi, then get on a bus or train from Delhi to Dehradun. 

You can book and find bus options at UTC Online or Redbus. Another option is to go to Kashmere Gate and book a bus offline. Board a bus or train arriving in Dehradun on Day 0 evening. Reaching Dehradun on Day 0 helps you to rest before your trek starts on Day 1. 

If you want to travel overnight, Nanda Devi Express runs daily and departs from H. Nizamuddin at 11.35 p.m. and arrives at Dehradun early at 5.40 a.m. Overnight Volvo AC buses also run frequently between Delhi and Dehradun. It takes 6-7 hours to get to Dehradun from Delhi. 

How to plan your return flight/train to Delhi 

Your trek is 8  days, including travel to and from the base camp. The team will be back in Dehradun on Day 3. You reach Dehradun in the evening, between 7 to 8 pm. 

While returning, you can fly directly out of Dehradun to your city. The second option is to travel by bus or train to Delhi. 

If you go with the first option, you can book a direct flight from Dehradun to your city on Day 4. 

The second option requires you to travel to Delhi by train or bus.  Once you reach Dehradun in the evening, you can head to ISBT Dehradun and book an AC Volvo bus to Delhi and travel comfortably. The other option to reach Delhi from Dehradun is to book a train. 

If you prefer the second option, book a flight that departs late morning or early afternoon of Day 5. The overnight buses from Dehradun arrive in Delhi in the wee hours. Book a flight departing in the afternoon to avoid rushing. 

Some trekkers prefer to stay back for a day and use the buffer day to explore Rishikesh or Mussoorie. You can either stay for a night and explore Dehradun city or proceed home the same evening if flying out of Delhi. 

Roopkund Trek FAQ

What is the distance of the roopkund trek.

The Roopkund trek distance is around 40km. The average distance you will cover is 6-8  km per day. You will walk for 4-6 hours every day. The longest day is day 7 of the trek, when you will hike for 9-10 hours. 

Is Roopkund trek suitable for beginners?

We do not recommend it to beginners. The average altitude gain is high and walking hours are long. You will be walking an average of 5- 6 hours every day.  On long days, you will be walking for 8-9 km per day at an altitude above 1ft. For a trek that spreads over 8 days and climbs 16,000ft., this trek is not suitable for beginners. 

How difficult is Roopkund Trek?

Yes, Roopkund is a difficult trek. The trek is 8 days long and traverses through arduous terrain and tricky patches. It is suitable for trekkers with prior experience in high-altitude treks. The trek starts at an altitude of 7545ft. from Lohajung village and climbs to the highest elevation of 16,000ft. when you reach Roopkund. It requires trekkers to be in good physical condition to trek comfortably.  

What will be the temperature in Roopkund trek?

The day temperature on the Roopkund trek is usually recorded between 5°C and -1°C and at night, the temperature dips down to  -4°C. During the autumn months, the temperature ranges between 6°C and 1°C.  

The day will be dry and sunny. The temperature decreases as you climb to a higher altitude. At night, the temperature drops to sub-zero at higher campsites. 

Find out more about the Roopkund Lake trek temperature here. 

What is the best time to visit Roopkund Trek?

The Roopkund trek is at its best between May to June and during the autumn months. The autumn season starts post-monsoon in September and can be approached till mid-October. 

Read more about the best time for the Roopkund Lake trek here. 

Will there be snow on the trek?

You will find the remains of the snow at higher altitudes. However, there will be no fresh snow on the trek. 

What is the cost of Roopkund Trek?

The Roopkund trek cost is Rs. 16779/- 

The trek cost covers your experience from basecamp to basecamp. It also covers your accommodation at the base camp and during the trek.

Can we do the Roopkund Trek on our own?

Roopkund is a challenging trek. The trek requires experienced guides to help you navigate the undulated terrain. If you plan to go solo on this trek, hiring a guide is recommended to avoid any unforeseen situation.

Where is Roopkund located?

Roopkund Lake trek is in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand Gharwal region. The trek starts from Lohajung village in Chamoli district. Lohajung is a famous basecamp village and other famous Himalayan trek also start from here, including Ali Bedni Bugyal and Brahmatal. 

How should I prepare to avoid AMS?

The most important thing to do on a trek to avoid AMS is to drink water, more than your daily intake. Water is an excellent way to avoid AMS. Along with this, you should also have all the nutritious meals we provide on the trek. If you still are sceptical about getting AMS, we would advise you to carry Diamox tablets with you. However, according to the situation your Outdoor leader will advise whether or not you should take it.

I have a medical condition. Can I join the trek?

We encourage everyone to trek, even if or not they have a medical condition. We have an in-house doctor at OWLS with whom you can discuss your medical condition and accordingly, we can help you better prepare you for the trek.

What document do I need to carry?

Please keep the following documents ready before filling out this form

• Health form (for all participants of Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh treks) and (for all participants <15 and > 60 years of age)
• RTPCR for children <15 years/Vaccination certificate for adults (for Nepal treks)

Should I bring snacks to eat on the trek?

Although we provide filling breakfast, lunch, and dinner along with morning tea and evening snacks, you can carry some light snacks for munching on the trail. You can carry protein bars, dry fruits, and homemade snacks like Shakkarpara to help you give that extra energy on the trek. 

Who will be leading my trek?

All our Outdoor Leaders are trained and experienced leaders. They have completed basic Mountaineering Course, and are equipped with basic first-aid knowledge. Our leaders are certified Wilderness First Responder course

Do I need to get my medical kit for the trek?

You don’t need to carry your medical kit. If you have your prescribed medications, you need to carry them on the trek

What kind of arrangement is available for accommodation on the trek?

The accommodation will be on twin sharing basis. One tent will be shared by two trekkers. 

Is there any arrangement for offloading on the trek?

Yes. Communicate your requirement to the trek leaders beforehand, as it will be difficult to arrange to offload at the last minute. The offloading charges will be Rs 350 per bag, and your bag should not weigh more than 9 kg. 

Note: At OWLs, we suggest our participants carry their backpacks and avoid offloading. However, in case of pressing circumstances, you can opt for offloading.

Is there any option to keep our luggage at the base camp?

Yes, you can leave the extra luggage at the base camp. However, do not leave valuables like laptops, jewellery, or any other expensive items in the base camp. 

What will be the toilet facilities on the trek?

The OWLS team will set up a toilet tent near the campsites. The toilets will be dry toilets and you will have to use toilet paper. There will be a pit dug by the team and you will have to cover your nature’s call with dry soil. Avoid using wet wipes, as they are not biodegradable. At OWLS, we thrive to leave no trace in the mountains. 

At the base camp, you will have regular concrete toilets.

What will be the food arrangement on the trek?

The food offered will be as per the nutritional requirements. As you will be walking every day for 4-6 hours, you will be burning a good amount of calories. The team makes sure that the food you will be offered is healthy and helps you sustain through the day. The regular meal comprises eggs, locally grown vegetables, rice, roti, and pulses. The menu changes from day to day. 

What will be the status of the mobile network on the trek?

You will have access to most of the mobile networks at the base camp in Lohajung. We suggest our participants make important calls while at the base camp. There will be no signals throughout the trek. 

Related Tours

Ali-Bedni Bugyal Trek

Brahmatal Trek

Roopkund – A Mysterious Places

About roopkund – a mysterious places, the roopkund lake - the mysterious skeleton lake.

Roopkund Lake, also known as the Skeleton Lake , is a high-altitude glacial lake located in the Uttarakhand state of India . It is situated at an elevation of 16,470 feet (5,020 meters) above sea level in the Chamoli district of the Garhwal Himalayas. The lake is famous for the hundreds of human skeletons that are found at its bottom. Roopkund Lake is a popular trekking destination, and it attracts adventurers from all over the world. The mystery of Skeleton Lake has intrigued people for many years. The skeletons were first discovered in 1942 by a British forest guard who was on patrol in the area. The initial discovery was of a few bones, but subsequent expeditions have uncovered hundreds of skeletons. The skeletons are believed to be the remains of people who died in a hailstorm over 1,000 years ago. The hailstones were reportedly as large as cricket balls, and the people caught in the storm were unable to find shelter. The hailstones caused fatal injuries, and the people perished in the storm. Scientists have conducted extensive studies of the skeletons, and they have found that the people were of South Asian origin . The skeletons are believed to be from the 9th century AD, and the scientists have identified some interesting features that indicate the circumstances of their deaths. For example, many of the skulls show evidence of blunt force trauma, which is consistent with the injuries that would be caused by large hailstones. Additionally, many of the skeletons have broken bones, which suggests that the people were caught in a sudden, violent storm. Despite the mystery and allure of Skeleton Lake, Roopkund is also a natural wonder in its own right. The lake is surrounded by stunning mountain scenery, and it is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. Visitors to the area can see Himalayan tahr, musk deer, and a variety of birds. The lake is also an important source of water for the surrounding villages. This shallow lake has a depth of about 2 meters and is the most popular lake in the entire Uttarakhand. The lake is situated foot of Nanda Ghunti mountain nestled amidst panoramic mountain scenery, surrounded by a glacier. The Lake is flanked by a rock face named Jyuragali to the North and a peak named Chandania Kot to the East. Roopkund Trek popularly also known as   “The Mystery Lake or Skeleton Lake” , Roopkund gained immense popularity after skeletons of horses and people from the past were found here. Spooky! Right. Resting in the inner Himalayan regions of Garhwal , Uttarakhand this lake is known to everyone because of another significant reason which is the Nanda Devi Raj Jaat yatra . Surrounded by massive rock glaciers and peaks the lake remains frozen for the entire year. It is situated at an elevation of 4800m but still, the villages on the trail are highly rich in culture and values. We also get to see lush green meadows like Bedni Bugyal and flower beds seasonally.

Why is Roopkund Lake is Famous?

Scenic beauty:, religious significance:, biodiversity:, cultural heritage:, adventure tourism:, photography and filmography:, click here to book your "roopkund lake trek".

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• Everything You Need To Know About The Roopkund Trek

Everything You Need to Know About the Roopkund Trek

Have you ever visited a trekking spot home to over 500 human and horse skeletons? This might sound spooky, but Roopkund Lake, also known as Mystery Lake or Skeletal Lake, is a high-glacial lake in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, which consists of hundreds of skeletons and skulls found around the lake. Roopkund Lake, lying on the lap of the Garhwal Himalayas, is hands down the most popular trek in India. The Roopkund Lake is located at a height of about 15,700 feet if you plan a Roopkund trek anytime soon. The lake is surrounded by rock-strewn glaciers and snow-capped mountains, making it an ideal trekking destination for Indians and international tourists. Roopkund trek is recommended for experienced trekking enthusiasts because of its moderate plus difficulty level. Along the Roopkund trekking route, you will get beautiful views of peaks like Kedarnath, Chaukhamba, Neelkantha, Trishula and Nanda Gunti.

It was way back in 1942 when a British forest guard stumbled upon hundreds of human skeletons scattered around Roopkund Lake. Since then, these skeletons have been the research topic for historians, anthropologists and scientists. Now the prime question arises: where did the skeletons come from, and what fateful day had seen the death of so many people and horses? Let’s read on to learn the mystery and folklore behind Roopkund Lake and the trekking route.

The Mystery Behind the Roopkund Lake Trek

Many theories exist about the skeletons and skulls around the Roopkund Lake trek. Some scholars believe the skeletons are of General Zorawar Singh of Kashmir and his troops returning after a failed attempt to conquer Tibet in 1841. Some scholars and researchers believe that the skeletons belong to the Japanese soldiers who died while crossing the Roopkund Lake during the Second World War. Of late, scientists also believe that the skeletons belong to people from the 9th century who might have died from hailstorms.

While scientists and researchers look into scientific facts and proofs to reveal the mystery of the Roopkund Lake trek, the locals around the area have their interesting folklore about the place. It is also believed that Goddess Parvati had killed the mighty demon Mahishasur near the Bedni Kund in her Kali avatar. After killing Mahishasur, when Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati were on their way to the Kailash Parvat, Goddess Parvati felt unclean and wanted to take a bath. To please her consort, Lord Shiva, with all his power, created the lake for the Goddess Parvati. The Goddess took a dip in the lake and could see her reflection in the blue waters of the lake. This is why the lake is known as Roopkund Lake, where Roop in the English language means beauty.

There is another mythological story which says that the king of Kanauj, his pregnant wife, dance troops, and servants was on their way to worship Goddess Nanda Devi. The kind was arrogant and forgot to offer his prayers to the Goddess. Displeased with his behaviour, Goddess Nanda Devi burnt three holes at the feet of the three dancers. Even then, the king did not come to his senses, which angered the Goddess even more. The king’s wife went through a miscarriage which took the lives of both the baby and the queen. Even after all this, the king continued his journey toward Roopkund with his troop. As they reached the lake, a hailstorm took the lives of the entire troop. It is believed that only the king survived the hailstorm. After this, Goddess Nanda Devi appeared before the king and cursed him that the people in his race must visit the lake once every 12 years barefoot with bare necessities. Since then, every 12 years, Nanda Raj Jat has been celebrated near Roopkund Lake.

Best Time to Plan Roopkund Lake Trek

There are two phases during which you can plan the Roopkund trek. One is between May to June, during which the temperature in the area ranges between 15 degrees to 20 degrees during the daytime and 7 degrees to minus 2 degrees during the night. The second phase of planning the Roopkund trek is between September to October. The temperature during this time of the year is comparatively cold, with temperatures ranging from 10 degrees to 15 degrees during the daytime and 5 degrees to minus 5 degrees during the night. If you can choose between these two phases, you know your b est time to plan the Roopkund trek.

Roopkund Trek Itinerary

Out of the umpteen best trekking spots in India, the Roopkund trekking in Uttarakhand is challenging because of the landscape and altitude. Ideally, you must plan an 8-day long trekking trip to the Roopkund. The Roopkund trek distance is a total of 62 km, which can be covered in 8 days. The day-wise Roopkund trek itinerary is mentioned below for your convenience.

Reach Kathgodam Railway Station and drive to Lohajung, which is the base camp of the Roopkund trek.

Start your trekking journey from Loharjung and end at Didina. Another option for you is to reach Wan village by road. After crossing a steep slope, you reach Didina village, where you can rest for the night.

On day 3 of trekking, start from Didina village to reach Ali Bugyal. Trekkers are advised to reach Ali Bugyal before noon to relax at night and start their next day fresh.

• Days 4 and 5

You can start your trek from Ali Bugyal and reach Patar Nachuni. After this, just after 3 km lies Ghora Lotani, a campsite where trekkers rest for the night and start trekking to Bhagwabasa the next day.

• Days 6 and 7

Trek towards Roopkund Lake is advisable to start early in the morning. The Roopkund trail is covered with snow, making it difficult for trekkers to walk. From Bhagwabasa, trekkers must climb uphill for approximately 3 km to reach Roopkund. On the way back, you will come across the Neela Ganga river. The climb to the ridge to reach back to Wan village takes approximately an hour or two. From there, you can drive back to Loharung by road.

Finally, day 8 is the final day when you can drive back from Loharjung to Kathgodam.

Things to Keep in Mind

Before you pack your backpack for the Roopkund trek, here are some of the essentials you need to keep in mind.

• Look for missing buckles and zips on your backpack that needs to be mended.
• Check your trekking shoes properly. Make sure that the soles of your shoes are intact and the laces are strong.
• Keep extra batteries for your camera and flashlight handy.
• Make sure your backpack is waterproof. Pack your clothing and travel gear in a waterproof bag to keep everything dry.
• If you are on some medication, carry those along with you.
• Avoid packing a pair of jeans for trekking, and choose materials explicitly made for trekking purposes.

Parting Thoughts

We hope the detailed guide will help you plan a trekking trip to Roopkund Lake. Veena World has a variety of Uttarakhand packages for you to choose from. The packages range from budget-friendly to luxurious options, depending on your travel preferences. If you have planned a specific itinerary, you can choose to book your Roopkund trek from Veena World’s customised holiday option. Have a lifetime experience by visiting Roopkund Lake, which is not only adventurous but also filled with an abundance of beauty and charm.

We are an Indian travel company founded in 2013 and excel at domestic and international tour packages including guided group tours, specialty tours, customized holidays, corporate MICE travel, inbound travel and destination weddings.

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Roopkund Trek: Unraveling Mysteries in the Garhwal Himalayas

The Roopkund Trek is a thrilling odyssey into the heart of the Garhwal Himalayas, where mystery, mythology, and breathtaking landscapes converge. Nestled in the state of Uttarakhand, India, this trek is renowned for its high-altitude glacial lake, known as the “Skeleton Lake” due to the human remains that emerge from the frozen depths.

Commencing from the picturesque village of Lohajung, the trail unfolds through dense forests, charming meadows, and rugged terrains. As trekkers ascend, the iconic Trishul Peak and Nanda Ghunti come into view, creating a dramatic backdrop against the clear blue sky.

The trek reaches its zenith at an elevation of around 4,800 meters, revealing the mystical Roopkund Lake surrounded by snow-clad peaks. The lake, frozen for most of the year, thaws during a brief summer, exposing the skeletal remains that add an air of enigma to the landscape.

Roopkund Trek is not merely a physical challenge; it’s a cultural exploration and a rendezvous with nature’s extremes. The ancient temples en route, the diverse flora and fauna, and the ethereal beauty of the high-altitude landscapes make this trek a holistic adventure, inviting trekkers to unravel the mysteries hidden in the folds of the Garhwal Himalayas.

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