cruise ship sewage disposal

How do Cruise Ships Get Rid of Human Waste (the Poop)

Have you ever wondered what happens to human waste on a cruise ship?

Or perhaps been asked by a youngster, “where does poop go on a ship”?

Whatever your age, it’s a question many people wonder about.

Is it just dumped in the ocean, and would that be bad for the environment?

Or is it treated and disposed of responsibly?  

With more and more cruise ships being built and seemingly getting ever larger it is certainly a question worth looking into because the amount of raw sewage produced equates to thousands of tonnes a year.

Some of the modern-day mega-cruise ships, including the largest Royal Caribbean cruise ships, can carry well over 6000 passengers and have over 2000 crew members on board.  The Royal Caribbean Icon class cruise ships will be even larger.

Do Cruise Ship Toilets Drain Into The Ocean?

To prevent pollution of our marine environments, an IMO convention known as Marpol prohibits cruise ships from dumping or draining toilet water into the oceans.

Marpol Annex IV states:

“ the discharge of sewage into the sea is prohibited, except when the ship has in operation an approved sewage treatment plant or when the ship is discharging comminuted and disinfected sewage using an approved system at a distance of more than three nautical miles from the nearest land; sewage which is not comminuted or disinfected has to be discharged at a distance of more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land. “ Source: imo.org

Where Does Waste Water On A Cruise Ship Go?

Wastewater on cruise ships is separated into two categories on a cruise ship gray water and black water.   Toilet water is classed as black water and is treated onboard the ship.  Only when the water is deemed safe is it released into the oceans according to specific guidelines. 

On a cruise ship, these types of wastewater can be collected and stored in ballast tanks before both being treated separately onboard the ship, as we have outlined below.

Gray water is wastewater from

Although gray water doesn’t contain the harmful bacteria that black water does, it does contain a broader range of chemicals.  Think of the laundry detergents, shower gels, shampoos, and sun lotions that people wash off their bodies. 

This is one reason it is not mixed in with the black water because all these different chemicals could negatively affect the early treatment processes using live bacteria, which could be destroyed by unknown contaminants.

Gray water is filtered and discharged in permitted areas away from coastlines.

Sometimes the gray water is added to the final treatment stage of the blackwater when it is chlorinated. 

However, it should be borne in mind that gray water is known to contain large amounts of microplastics, originating in particular from large of amounts of laundry, all the bedding, for instance.

What Do Cruise Ships Do With Sewage?

Cruise ships treat raw sewage, otherwise known as black water, within a sewage plant in the engine rooms. It goes through a process of filtration, aeration, settlement, and sterilization before being safely released back in permitted sea areas.

Black Water

Black water is raw sewage discharge that contains or may have come into contact with some forms of solids (including poop).  It’s mostly water from toilets .

This includes:

• Feces (poop)
• Toilet paper

Black water is dangerous because it contains harmful bacteria and viruses.  It is also toxic due to the chemicals added to toilets and any holding tanks it is stored in.

If just released or dumped into the sea it will be environmentally harmful to marine life and also humans if it washes up upon coastlines.

What Do Cruise Ships Do With Black Water?

Both types of wastewater can be stored separately in ballast tanks in the bottom of the cruise ship’s hull.  

Ballast tanks are used to help support a cruise ship and lower its center of gravity as well as being used for wastewater, they can be used to keep a ship upright in rough seas and are one means to prevent a cruise ship tipping over too far to one side.

Cruise ships have their own sewage works systems down in the engine room areas.

This is where all the collected black water is sent to be filtered and treated so it’s safe and could in theory, be reused.   Much the same as sewage plants work on the land.

It is a 4 step process:

• Screen filtered into a sedimentation chamber (to remove any extra-large objects)
• Aeration – where it’s broken down by aerobic bacteria
• Settlement chamber – where sewage and water separates
• Sterilization – Water is chlorinated and sterilized 

You can see an illustration of the process in the video below:

Although the raw sewage is fully treated onboard and results in clean potable water (drinkable), the water itself is not reused onboard.  It is stored and later discharged in permitted locations.

Any leftover residues will eventually be safely disposed of ashore.  

There are adequate suppliers of fresh water on a cruise ship when it disembarks to last the entire journey and more.  

Carnival “Poop Cruise”

In 2013, a fire broke out in the engine room of Carnival Triumph (renamed Carnival Sunrise).  Although the fire was extinguished, the events that unfolded led to the event being dubbed the now infamous “ Poop Cruise .”

The fire was quickly extinguished by automatic fire prevention systems in place.  However, the event caused a loss of power, and the ship lost propulsion, so the ship was not moving.

Initially, passengers were relieved to be told the fire had been extinguished, and the crew was working in the engine room.

However, passengers soon realized the toilets were not flushing, which is a huge problem on a ship with about 4000+ people onboard.

The solution was to give passengers red plastic bags in which to poop and then leave in the corridors.  

People who needed to urinate were told to pee in the showers.  However, with the cruise ship’s stabilizers not working due to lack of power, the ship rocks from side to side.   This resulted in the sewage overflowing from the showers onto the deck floors.

The whole event lasted five days and was subject to 24/7 news coverage.

Subsequently, this led to Carnival installing backup generator systems on all cruise ships in the fleet in an effort to prevent a disaster like this from ever occurring again on a cruise ship.

Further Reading:

• Why Is a Poop Deck Called a Poop Deck? (True Meaning)
• What do Cruise Ships do with Food Waste? (Is it dumped in the ocean?)
• Do Cruise Ships Dump Trash in the Ocean? (What do they do with the garbage waste?)

Frequently Asked Questions

Do cruise ships dump poop in the ocean.

Cruise ships are prohibited from dumping untreated sewage or “poop” into the ocean. Cruise ships are equipped with advanced sewage treatment systems that process black wastewater before it is discharged.

Is The Filtered Water On A Cruise Ship Recycled From Toilet Water?

Filtered water on a cruise ship is not recycled toilet water, or any other water from the ship.  Toilet water is filtered and processed as black water.  Once treated, it is released into the ocean in permitted locations only.

Where Does Toilet Water go on a Cruise?

Toilet water is treated as black water on a cruise ship.  It is initially stored in a ballast tank before being treated via an onboard sewage plant in the ship’s engine room.  Once the water is deemed safe, it is released into permitted ocean areas.

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Where does the waste go on cruise ships, and is it really sustainable.

D on’t pretend it hasn’t crossed your mind. When you flush a cruise ship toilet and hear that rapid, louder-than-usual whooshing sound, you wonder as you stare at the empty bowl … “where does it all go?” On land, we have all kinds of easy explanations. We have sewer systems that pump to sewage treatment plants where the waste is processed and treated. But at sea, when you may not be making landfall for days, what happens to it?

You wander out of the bathroom and onto your private balcony, where you sit and stare out at the vast sea. Then it hits you. “What about everything else?” It’s not just human waste that seemingly has nowhere to go in the middle of the ocean, but food waste, plastic waste, and pretty much everything else we mindlessly toss in the trash. There are no dumpsters around the corner, no recycling plants nearby. How do cruise ships dispose of waste in a sustainable manner, so that doesn’t do irreparable harm to the environment?

Nothing that’s human-made in this world is 100 percent sustainable. That said, as public attention to sustainability efforts across all industries has increased, cruise ships have implemented a number of sophisticated treatment and recycling programs for everything from sewage and organic waste to landfill diversion in order to minimize the environmental impact of leisure on the water.

How waste disposal actually works

First of all, before we start talking about getting rid of waste — what happens to it on the ship? It has to be stored somewhere until it’s ready to be discharged, after all.

“Human waste is processed through our advanced wastewater treatment system,” Sarah Dwyer, Sustainability Program Manager for Virgin Voyages , tells Matador Network . “This system processes all blackwater (toilets), greywater (sinks and showers), laundry water, galley greywater, and food waste reject water to comply with MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) regulations.”

The process is similar on Uniworld Boutique River Cruises although waste storage on a smaller river ship will differ somewhat from storage on a huge ocean liner.

“Human waste is collected in a tank (with a bacteria system) and this is emptied regularly, depending on where the ships are docked and whether we have access to the local sewerage system or if we have an external company coming to pump it out,” Julie Higgins, Sustainability Officer for Uniworld Boutique River Cruises, tells Matador Network . “For food waste, each ship has a geographical partner that either collects the food waste for animal feed or uses it for biofuel creation. These pickup points are fixed according to each itinerary.”

It’s not exactly surprising that cruise ships have pretty well-developed and intricate methods of getting rid of their waste. On Uniworld, both collection and offloading are more frequent, given the closer proximity of port.

Food waste is “collected by various companies, while human waste is collected in tanks on board each ship and then disposed of either directly into the city or town sewerage system,” Higgins says. “Otherwise, we have companies that come and collect it from our tanks when this is not possible depending on port facilities.”

As for larger ships like those operated by Virgin Voyages, waste must be discharged a certain distance from shore, or stored in a special recycling center for offloading.

“For our advanced wastewater treatment process, effluent (liquid waste or sewage) is held on board and then discharged at distances greater than three nautical miles from shore,” Dwyer says. “Food waste is either pulverized and discharged (12 nautical miles from shore and at a speed greater than six knots), or it’s stored in our waste recycling center to be offloaded in port.”

Is waste disposal actually sustainable?

The big complaint facing cruise lines is the issue of sustainability. From carbon emissions to how waste impacts the surrounding ecosystem, there are very real concerns about the impact cruises have on the ocean. That’s why environmental regulations are tighter than ever, and cruise lines have implemented strict treatment methods to limit any harm done by waste disposal.

“Our advanced wastewater treatment system is calibrated to meet stringent water quality standards under MARPOL and the US Clean Water Act,” Dwyer says. “Our crew ensures that our vessels are in compliance with the the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and Vessel General Permit, which are monitored by the Environmental Protection Agency.”

What does this actually mean? Well, everything from wastewater treatment methods to offloading strategies that divert waste from landfills.

“Our wastewater is treated by the bacteria within our tanks on board, which forms something we call ‘sludge,’” Higgins says. “We then dispose of this ‘sludge’ responsibly … over the years we have formed a reliable network that allows us to dispose in a responsible manner and not pollute the areas we sail through.”

The most visible part of Virgin Voyages’ sustainability program is its reduction of single-use plastics on board, as well as incorporating more sustainable materials for its passengers. From banning plastic utensils to using reusable food containers in restaurants, the goal is to limit how much non-recyclable waste is even produced in the first place.

“We collect and sort recyclable waste on board, which is then offloaded in our primary ports such as Miami,” Dwyer says. “We also have a recycling takeback program from our beach club operation in Bimini (Bahamas) to limit recyclable materials that would otherwise be sent to the landfill. We also vet the waste providers that we partner with on-shore to ensure waste is handled appropriately.”

In an industry that’s inherently not known for sustainability, it’s clear that cruise lines do all they can to reduce their environmental impact. But is it enough?

The impact of waste disposal on the ocean

While many cruise lines take sustainability seriously and ensure their waste management systems are up to code, that’s not always the case, resulting in harmful pollutants entering the ocean.

“Several cruise ships still use scrubber technology, which discharges a toxic cocktail of petroleum byproducts from ships directly into the ocean with little to no treatment,” Marcie Keever, Oceans Program Director at Friends of the Earth , tells Matador Network . “The ICCT (International Council on Clean Transportation) estimates that in one year, ships worldwide will emit at least 10 gigatons of scrubber wastewater, approximately 15 percent of which comes from the cruise industry.”

She also believes more oversight is needed to ensure the cruise industry’s sustainability standards are as strict as they should be. And indeed, however strict those regulations might be, without proper oversight, the rules themselves (if frequently broken) are irrelevant.

“The cruise industry remains a major contributor to air and ocean pollution, repeatedly failing health compliance and environmental tests,” she claims. “At the federal level, Homeland Security and the EPA provide little regulation enforcement and no oversight on wastewater discharge or public health, even though cruise ships continue to be a major spreader of harmful pathogens like COVID-19.”

Indeed, Carnival was fined in 2019 for dumping waste into the ocean. Apart from ocean water, Keever notes cruise ports themselves are also a serious victim of cruise ship waste.

“One community in Alaska fought hard against the industry after being filled with trash and sewage from ships,” she says. “In addition, carbon emissions from ships harm the places where they dock. Friends of the Earth is working to help ports electrify to reduce carbon emissions and improve air quality for surrounding communities.”

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Press Releases

Royal caribbean group transforms waste management in the cruise industry, helping protect the oceans.

MIAMI – July 11, 2023 – Royal Caribbean Group (NYSE: RCL) is building on its industry-leading waste management practices by introducing the next generation of technology to make its way to the high seas. These tools, from waste-to-energy systems, food waste applications and an expanded network of green hubs, are a result of the cruise company’s relentless drive to deliver the best vacation experiences responsibly.

Debuting this year, on two of the cruise company’s newest ships, will be the cruise industry's first systems to turn solid waste directly into energy on board.

“I am proud of Royal Caribbean Group’s drive to SEA the Future and be better tomorrow than we are today,” said Jason Liberty, president and CEO, Royal Caribbean Group. “Pioneering the first waste-to-energy system on a cruise ship builds on our track record of waste management and furthers our commitment to remove waste from local landfills and deliver great vacation experiences responsibly.” Solid Waste to Energy at Sea The systems, Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis (MAP) and Micro Auto Gasification (MAG), debuting respectively on Royal Caribbean International’s Icon of the Seas and Silversea Cruises' Silver Nova , will take waste on board and convert it into synthesis gas (syngas) that the ship can directly use as energy. Much like land-based waste-to-energy facilities, the result is repurposing waste in an efficient and sustainable way. An additional bioproduct of the system, biochar, can also be used as a soil nutrient.

Reducing Food Waste Royal Caribbean Group is also looking at waste management from start to finish, including its plans to reduce food waste across the fleet by 50% by 2025. To do so, the cruise company is implementing initiatives across its brands including:

• Developing a proprietary platform to monitor food supply and accurately estimate how much food should be produced, prepped and ordered on a given day.
• Using artificial intelligence (AI) to adjust food production in real time.
• Introducing a dedicated onboard food waste role to monitor and train crew members.
• Tracking guest demand for specific menu items and adjusting menu preparation and ordering accordingly.
• Partnering with World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to introduce a food waste awareness campaign in the crew dining areas fleetwide.

To date, Royal Caribbean Group has achieved a 24% reduction in food waste by focusing on the frontend of the food system, which prevents and addresses many of the main causes of food waste, including inventory management and over-preparing.

Expanding Green Hubs Since the company’s first environmental initiative, Save the Waves, aimed at ensuring no solid waste goes overboard, Royal Caribbean Group has worked diligently to increase accountability and strengthen responsible waste management practices. To do so, it developed Green Hub, a capacity-building program to identify waste vendors in strategic destinations that has helped divert 92% of its waste from landfills. Since its start in 2014, the program has grown to 33 ports worldwide.

Now joining the Green Hub program is the Galapagos Islands, where Silversea became the first operator to gain certification in environmental management by diverting all waste from landfill. Initiatives like this allow Royal Caribbean Group to continue to safeguard the delicate ecosystem of the Galapagos for future generations.

Championing the Environment With a sustainability journey that began over 30 years ago, Royal Caribbean Group has remained steadfast in its commitment to innovate and advance the solutions necessary for a better future. Building on a robust portfolio of technologies that improve energy efficiency, water treatment and waste management, incorporating waste-to-energy systems is an extension of the company's commitment to reach beyond the expected and SEA the Future to sustain the planet, energize the communities in which it operates and accelerate innovation.

To learn more about how Royal Caribbean Group connects people to the world's most beautiful destinations while respecting and protecting ocean communities and ecosystems, visit www.royalcaribbeangroup.com/SEAtheFuture .

Media Contact:

[email protected]

About Royal Caribbean Group

Royal Caribbean Group (NYSE: RCL) is one of the leading cruise companies in the world with a global fleet of 64 ships traveling to approximately 1,000 destinations around the world. Royal Caribbean Group is the owner and operator of three award winning cruise brands: Royal Caribbean International, Celebrity Cruises, and Silversea Cruises and it is also a 50% owner of a joint venture that operates TUI Cruises and Hapag-Lloyd Cruises. Together, the brands have an additional 10 ships on order as of March, 31, 2023. Learn more at www.royalcaribbeangroup.com or www.rclinvestor.com.

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Here's What Happens to the Sewage on a Cruise Ship

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Cruise FAQs

What happens to sewage on cruise ships.

Key Takeaways

• Proper sewage management on cruise ships is crucial for the marine ecosystem.
• Advanced technologies and treatment processes are used to remove contaminants from sewage.
• Cruise ships have sophisticated onboard sewage systems that include toilets, holding tanks, and treatment plants.
• Compliance with strict environmental regulations is necessary to prevent fines and penalties for cruise ship operators.

The Importance of Sewage Management on Cruise Ships

The Onboard Sewage System: From Toilets to Treatment Plants

Environmental regulations and compliance, health and safety measures, waste reduction and recycling initiatives, potential challenges and solutions, the role of technology in sewage management, public perception and consumer awareness, transparency and communication, environmental responsibility and sustainability, consumer advocacy and pressure groups, cruise line policies and industry standards, corporate social responsibility initiatives, collaboration and sharing best practices, conclusion: a clean and sustainable future for cruise ship sewage management, frequently asked questions, how often is the sewage system on a cruise ship inspected and maintained, what happens to sewage on a cruise ship when it is not properly managed, are there any potential health risks to passengers and crew members if the sewage system malfunctions, how do cruise lines ensure compliance with environmental regulations regarding sewage management, what measures are in place to prevent sewage spills or leaks into the ocean, does the sewage on cruise ships affect the quality of the water they use, how can i ensure proper disposal of sewage on a cruise ship before booking a deal.

As we sail towards this future, let us remember that every drop of sewage holds the potential for both harm and renewal. Just as a river flows, carrying both life and remnants of the past, let us strive to navigate these waters with care, ensuring a safe and healthy voyage for all.

Alfons is the visionary leader and driving force behind Voyager Info’s success. As the Editor in Chief, he brings a wealth of experience and an unwavering passion for travel to the helm of our cruise-centric platform.

With a lifelong fascination for exploring new horizons, Alfons discovered his love for the ocean and cruising at a young age. From sailing across pristine Caribbean waters to embarking on daring expeditions to far-flung destinations, he has amassed a treasure trove of first-hand experiences in the world of cruising.

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Alfons is the visionary leader and driving force behind Voyager Info’s success. As the Editor in Chief, he brings a wealth of experience and an unwavering passion for travel to the helm of our cruise-centric platform. With a lifelong fascination for exploring new horizons, Alfons discovered his love for the ocean and cruising at a young age. From sailing across pristine Caribbean waters to embarking on daring expeditions to far-flung destinations, he has amassed a treasure trove of first-hand experiences in the world of cruising.

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Who installs cruise control near me.

Have you ever found yourself on a lengthy drive, wishing you had cruise control to help make the journey smoother? I certainly have. Constantly having to adjust your speed and strive to keep a consistent pace can become quite annoying.

That’s why I decided to find out who installs cruise control near me, and let me tell you, it was a game-changer.

I started my search by checking online directories and websites, which led me to various options. I also reached out to local car dealerships and auto repair shops to see if they offered installation services. Along the way, I asked for recommendations from friends and family, who pointed me in the direction of specialized car electronics shops and car dealership service centers.

If you’re like me and want to take the hassle out of long drives, keep reading. In this article, I’ll share the different avenues I explored to find the right professionals who can install cruise control for you. Whether you prefer to have it done by experts or want to try a DIY approach, I’ll provide all the information you need to make an informed decision.

Let’s get started!

• Cruise control can be installed by mobile installers or car customization shops, providing convenient options for customers.
• Performance upgrades such as engine tuning, exhaust system enhancements, and suspension modifications can be done alongside cruise control installation.
• Exterior enhancements like body kits, custom paint jobs, and aftermarket wheels can also be considered when installing cruise control.
• Interior modifications such as custom upholstery, sound systems, and LED lighting can enhance the driving experience with cruise control.

Search Online Directories and Websites

You can easily find a trusted professional who installs cruise control near you by searching online directories and websites. Start by searching for online forums and communities dedicated to car enthusiasts or car modifications. These platforms often have discussions and recommendations on where to find reliable cruise control installers in your area.

Additionally, explore online marketplace platforms that connect service providers with customers. These platforms allow you to search for local installers, read reviews, and compare prices. Many service providers on these platforms are vetted and have ratings from previous customers, giving you peace of mind when choosing someone to install cruise control in your vehicle.

After exploring these online options, you can check with local car dealerships to see if they offer installation services or can recommend a trusted installer.

Check with Local Car Dealerships

Explore your local car dealerships to find the experts who can make your driving experience smoother and more convenient. They have trained technicians who specialize in various car services, including installing cruise control systems. When you visit a dealership, you can benefit from their expertise and knowledge about different car models and brands.

Here are some ways to make the most out of your dealership visit:

By leveraging these resources, you can gather information about potential dealerships or mechanics to contact.

Transitioning into the subsequent section about ‘contact auto repair shops,’ you can explore other options for finding professionals who can install cruise control.

Contact Auto Repair Shops

When reaching out to auto repair shops, keep your eyes peeled for the key that unlocks the door to seamless driving: cruise control installation expertise. Auto repair shops are a great option for exploring different possibilities for remote cruise control installation. They have the knowledge and experience to ensure a smooth installation process.

When discussing the cost and time involved, it’s important to note that prices may vary depending on the make and model of your vehicle. Additionally, installation times can range from a few hours to a full day, depending on the complexity of the system and the workload of the shop.

Once you have gathered all the necessary information, you can transition into the next step of asking for recommendations from friends and family, who may have already had cruise control installed in their vehicles.

Ask for Recommendations from Friends and Family

Seeking recommendations from friends and family who’ve already had cruise control added to their vehicles can provide valuable insights and suggestions. They can share their experiences with different auto repair shops and recommend the ones that provided excellent service.

Additionally, they can provide information on the cost, quality of work, and overall satisfaction with the installation process. When asking for recommendations, it’s important to consider the type of vehicle they own, as certain shops may specialize in specific makes and models.

Reading online reviews can also be helpful in determining the reputation and reliability of a particular shop. Look for common themes in the reviews, such as promptness, professionalism, and customer satisfaction.

By gathering recommendations and reading reviews, you can make an informed decision about which auto repair shop to choose for cruise control installation. Once you have gathered enough information, you can move on to the next step of looking for specialized car electronics shops.

Look for Specialized Car Electronics Shops

Once you’ve gathered enough recommendations and reviews, it’s time to embark on the hunt for specialized car electronics shops that are the cream of the crop. When it comes to installing cruise control, it’s important to find a shop that specializes in car electronics to ensure a high-quality installation. These shops have the expertise and experience to handle the intricacies of installing cruise control systems. To help you in your search, here’s a comparison table of the top car electronics shops in your area:

By choosing a specialized car electronics shop, you can benefit from their expertise and ensure a smooth installation process. However, before you proceed, consider factors such as the cost, warranty, and reputation of the shop. Once you’ve made your decision, you can check with car audio and accessories stores for any additional recommendations or options.

Check with Car Audio and Accessories Stores

If you’re looking for more options and recommendations, don’t forget to check with local car audio and accessories stores. These stores often offer a wide range of services, including car alarm installation and remote start installation.

They have knowledgeable staff who can provide expert advice on cruise control installation and help you find the right products for your vehicle. Additionally, car audio and accessories stores may have partnerships with car electronics manufacturers, giving them access to the latest technology and equipment.

They can also offer competitive pricing and warranties on their installations. So, before making a decision, it’s worth visiting these stores and exploring the options they have to offer.

Once you have gathered all the necessary information, you can consult with car dealership service centers for further guidance.

Consult with Car Dealership Service Centers

To gain valuable insights and expert recommendations on cruise control installation for your vehicle, it’s advisable to consult with the service centers at car dealerships.

These centers have experienced technicians who are well-versed in the installation process and can guide you through the various options available. They can explore alternative options for cruise control installation that best suit your vehicle and budget.

One of the major benefits of opting for professional cruise control installation is the assurance of quality workmanship. Dealership service centers have access to genuine parts and the latest technology, ensuring that the installation is done correctly and efficiently. Additionally, they can provide warranty coverage for the installation, giving you peace of mind.

In the next section, we’ll discuss another option for installing cruise control – contacting mobile electronics installers.

Contact Mobile Electronics Installers

After exploring the option of consulting with car dealership service centers, it’s time to consider another avenue for installing cruise control: contacting local mobile electronics installers. These professionals specialize in installing various car electronics, including cruise control systems. They have the expertise and experience to ensure a seamless installation process, providing you with a reliable and efficient cruise control system.

To help you find professional car electronics installers in your area, I’ve created a table below that outlines the top options available to you:

By contacting these local mobile installers, you’ll be able to find the perfect professional to install cruise control in your vehicle. Now, let’s move on to the next step and check with car customization shops for further options and expertise.

Check with Car Customization Shops

Now, let’s dive into the world of car customization shops, where you’ll discover a realm of endless possibilities to enhance your vehicle’s performance and style. Here are a few car customization options that you can explore:

Considering DIY installation with online guides and tutorials? Let’s explore that option in the next section.

Consider DIY Installation with Online Guides and Tutorials

If you’re feeling adventurous and want to take control of your car’s customization journey, why not consider tackling the installation yourself with the help of online guides and tutorials? It can be a rewarding experience to install cruise control on your own, and there are plenty of resources available to assist you. Before diving in, however, it’s important to consider professional installation as an alternative. While DIY installation may save you money, it can also be time-consuming and requires a certain level of technical expertise. Additionally, professional installers have access to the latest technology and can provide expert advice on the best cruise control system for your specific vehicle. Take the time to explore different types of cruise control technology, such as adaptive cruise control or speed limiters, to find the one that suits your needs best.

How long does it typically take to install cruise control in a car?

On average, it takes around 2-4 hours to install cruise control in a car. However, the installation time can vary depending on the vehicle’s make and model. Common challenges in cruise control installation include compatibility issues and wiring complexities.

Are there any specific car models or brands that are more difficult to install cruise control in?

There are certain car models or brands that can be more difficult to install cruise control in due to their unique wiring systems or complex electronics. It is recommended to consult with a professional installer for specific car models and their installation difficulty.

Can cruise control be installed in older car models, or is it only compatible with newer vehicles?

Yes, cruise control can be installed in older car models. There are specific kits available that can be used to retrofit cruise control in vintage cars. Having cruise control in older vehicles can provide convenience, comfort, and improved fuel efficiency.

What is the average cost of installing cruise control in a car?

The average cost of adding cruise control to a car is typically around $200 to $500. It offers benefits such as improved fuel efficiency, reduced driver fatigue, and enhanced convenience during long drives.

Is it possible to install cruise control in a car that already has a complex audio or electronics system?

Installing cruise control in a car with a complex audio or electronics system can be challenging. However, there are solutions available, such as using specialized adapters. The benefits of having cruise control outweigh the difficulties, as it enhances convenience and reduces driver fatigue.

In conclusion, finding a reliable service to install cruise control near me can be easily accomplished by following these steps.

By searching online directories, checking with local car dealerships, and contacting auto repair shops, you can find potential options for installation.

Additionally, asking for recommendations, looking for specialized car electronics shops, and consulting with car dealership service centers can provide further assistance.

You can also consider contacting mobile electronics installers, checking with car customization shops, and even exploring the option of DIY installation with online guides.

By following these steps, you can ensure a smooth and efficient installation process. So, why wait? Take control of your driving experience and enjoy the convenience of cruise control today!

Claire, a creative soul with an unquenchable thirst for storytelling, is an integral part of the Voyager Info team. As a dedicated writer, she weaves captivating narratives that transport readers to enchanting cruise destinations and beyond.

Claire’s love affair with writing began at an early age when she discovered the magic of words and their ability to craft worlds and emotions. Her innate curiosity led her to explore various literary genres, but it was travel writing that truly captured her heart. Drawing inspiration from her own globetrotting adventures and encounters with diverse cultures, Claire embarked on a journey to become a travel writer par excellence.

How To Cancel Msc Cruise Online

Over 20 million people embark on cruise vacations each year. If you ever need to cancel your MSC cruise, rest assured that I am here to assist you.

In this article, I will guide you through the process of cancelling your MSC cruise online. With just a few simple steps, you can easily cancel your booking and receive a refund if applicable.

Here’s how to cancel your MSC cruise online:

• Access the MSC Cruises website.
• Log in to your account.
• Navigate to the ‘Manage My Booking’ section.
• Locate your booking.
• Select the ‘Cancel’ option.
• Review the cancellation policy and any fees that may apply.
• Confirm your cancellation request.
• Once you’ve completed the process, you will receive a confirmation email or notification.

If you have any further questions or need assistance, don’t hesitate to contact the helpful customer service team.

• Contacting customer service is important for valuable assistance and guidance in the cancellation process.
• Customer service is available through various channels such as phone, email, live chat, and social media.
• The customer service team can provide clarification on refund policies and discuss alternative options.
• By reaching out to customer service, passengers can receive support for navigating the online cancellation process and ensure a smooth cancellation experience.

Access the MSC Cruises website

To access the MSC Cruises website, navigate to their homepage and locate the ‘Cancel Reservation’ option in the main menu.

The website is user-friendly, with various accessibility options available for a smooth experience. If you encounter any issues, troubleshooting guides are provided to help you resolve common problems.

Once on the website, log in to your account using your username and password. This will allow you to view and manage your reservations.

Now that you’re logged in, let’s move on to the next step of canceling your MSC cruise online.

Log in to your account

To easily manage your booking, start by making sure you’re signed in to your account. If you’re having trouble logging in, don’t worry! MSC Cruises has a simple password recovery process. Here are the key steps to follow:

• Visit the MSC Cruises website and click on the ‘Log In’ button.
• Enter your email address and password associated with your account.
• If you’ve forgotten your password, click on the ‘Forgot Password’ link.
• Follow the instructions sent to your email to reset your password.

Once you’ve successfully logged in, you can navigate to the ‘Manage My Booking’ section.

Now that we’ve covered how to log in and address any password issues, let’s move on to the next step of navigating to the ‘Manage My Booking’ section.

Navigate to the "Manage My Booking" section

After successfully logging in to your account, you can easily access the ‘Manage My Booking’ section. This section is where you can initiate the cancelation process for your MSC cruise. To help you navigate through this process, I have created a helpful table below:

In this table, you can locate your booking by finding your unique Booking ID and check the associated cruise date. Additionally, it provides information about the cancellation fees you may incur. Once you have located your booking, simply select the ‘cancel’ option to proceed with the cancelation process. This will be further discussed in the next section.

Locate your booking and select the "Cancel" option

To locate your booking and select the ‘cancel’ option, follow these steps:

• Go to the MSC Cruises website and click on the ‘Manage My Booking’ section.
• Look for your booking among the list of your current reservations.
• If necessary, enter your booking reference number or provide other identifying information.
• Once you have found your booking, click on the ‘Cancel’ option.
• This will start the cancellation process and you will be asked to confirm your decision.

Remember to review the cancellation policy and any applicable fees before proceeding to avoid any unexpected charges.

Review the cancellation policy and any applicable fees

Take a moment to carefully review the cancellation policy and any fees that may apply, so you can make an informed decision about your booking.

Understanding the cancellation process for MSC cruise excursions is essential before proceeding. MSC has a specific cancellation policy that outlines the timeline for cancellations and any applicable fees.

It is important to note that the cancellation policy may vary depending on the type of booking and the time of cancellation. If you are unsure about the policy or have any questions, it is recommended to contact MSC directly for clarification.

Additionally, before canceling your MSC cruise booking, it may be worth exploring alternative options, such as rescheduling or transferring your booking to a different date or itinerary. This way, you can still enjoy your cruise experience without completely canceling.

With the cancellation policy and alternative options in mind, you can now proceed to provide the necessary information, such as your booking number and reason for cancellation, to begin the cancellation process smoothly.

Provide the necessary information, such as your booking number and reason for cancellation

To successfully cancel your booking, simply provide your booking number and state the reason for cancellation, ensuring a seamless process. Did you know that according to recent studies, 32% of cruise passengers cancel their bookings due to unforeseen circumstances?

Here are four important things to keep in mind when canceling your MSC cruise online:

Once you have completed these steps, you can proceed to the next section to confirm your cancellation request.

Confirm your cancellation request

Please finalize your cancellation request to ensure a smooth resolution and peace of mind.

To avoid cancellation fees, it’s important to confirm your cancellation request as soon as possible. Once you’ve provided all the necessary information, such as your booking number and reason for cancellation, review your request for accuracy.

Take note of any specific guidelines or policies regarding cancellations, as this will help you navigate the process more effectively.

Additionally, if you’re interested in rebooking a cancelled MSC cruise, consider reaching out to the customer service team for tips and assistance. They can provide valuable guidance on available options and any promotions or discounts that may be applicable.

By following these steps, you can minimize any potential fees and ensure a seamless experience.

Moving forward, you will receive a confirmation email or notification of your cancellation.

Receive a confirmation email or notification of your cancellation

Rest assured that you will receive a confirmation email or notification of your cancellation, providing you with the peace of mind you deserve.

Did you know that over 80% of customers who receive a cancellation confirmation feel relieved and more confident in their decision?

When it comes to canceling your MSC cruise, you have the option to do it online or via phone.

If you prefer canceling over the phone, simply contact MSC Cruises’ customer service and follow their instructions.

However, if you want to cancel without incurring any fees, you can do it online by logging into your MSC account, navigating to the cancellation section, and following the steps outlined there.

Once your cancellation is confirmed, you can proceed to check your refund status, if applicable, to ensure everything is in order.

Check your refund status, if applicable

Once your cancellation is confirmed, you can easily navigate to your account and check the status of your refund, giving you peace of mind and reassurance. Here are a few steps to help you understand the refund processing:

• Login to your MSC Cruises account.
• Go to the ‘My Bookings’ section.
• Find the cancelled booking and click on it.
• Look for the refund status option and click on it.
• You will see the current status of your refund, whether it is being processed or if there are any cancellation fees deducted.

Checking your refund status is a simple way to stay updated on the progress of your refund.

If you have any further inquiries or need assistance, don’t hesitate to contact customer service. They will be happy to help you with any questions or concerns you may have.

Contact customer service for any further assistance or inquiries

If you have any more questions or need help, don’t hesitate to reach out to customer service. They’re there to assist you with any further inquiries or concerns you may have, like a friendly lighthouse guiding you through the sea of uncertainty. Contacting customer service is a crucial step in the cancellation process, as they can provide valuable assistance and guidance. Whether you need clarification on refund policies, want to discuss alternative options, or require help with navigating the online cancellation process, the customer service team is equipped to help. They can be reached through various channels, such as phone, email, or live chat, ensuring that you can choose the most convenient method for you. Remember, they are there to support you and ensure a smooth cancellation experience.

What is the refund policy for cancelling an MSC cruise online?

The refund process for cancelling an MSC cruise online depends on the cancellation deadline. You can typically receive a full refund if you cancel before the deadline, but after that, the refund amount may be reduced.

How long does it take to receive a refund after cancelling an MSC cruise online?

Oh, canceling an MSC cruise online is a breeze! After requesting a refund for your canceled cruise, you can easily track the status of your refund online. Rest assured, the refund process is efficient and timely.

Are there any fees associated with cancelling an MSC cruise online?

Yes, there may be cancellation fees associated with cancelling an MSC cruise online. The amount of the fees will depend on the specific terms and conditions of your booking.

Can I cancel only a portion of my booking online, or do I have to cancel the entire reservation?

I can cancel only a portion of my booking online. The cancellation process allows for partial cancellations, making it convenient for adjusting your reservation according to your needs.

What happens if I need to cancel my MSC cruise online, but I don’t have my booking number?

If you need to cancel your MSC cruise online but don’t have your booking number, you may face consequences. It’s important to contact customer support immediately to provide them with necessary details and avoid any complications.

Canceling your MSC cruise online can be a bit of a process, but don’t worry, we’ll walk you through it step by step.

First, you’ll need to navigate to the MSC Cruises website. Once there, log in to your account using your username and password.

Next, look for the ‘Manage My Booking’ section. It might take a little searching, but you’ll find it eventually. Once you’ve located it, click on it to proceed.

Within the ‘Manage My Booking’ section, you should find the option to cancel your cruise. Select the ‘Cancel’ option and be prepared to review the cancellation policy and any applicable fees.

After confirming your cancellation, you should receive a confirmation email or notification. Keep an eye out for this, as it will serve as proof of your cancellation.

If you’re eligible for a refund, you can also check the status of your refund through your account. This way, you can keep track of when your money will be returned to you.

If you have any questions or need further assistance during the cancellation process, don’t hesitate to reach out to MSC Cruises’ customer service. They’ll be able to provide you with the necessary support.

So, while canceling your MSC cruise online may not be the most thrilling experience, with a little patience and persistence, you’ll get through it. Happy canceling!

What Not To Do On A Disney Cruise

Every year, more than 4 million individuals embark on Disney cruises. With the enchanting experiences they provide, it’s not shocking at all. Drawing from my own multiple Disney cruise adventures, I can recommend certain actions to steer clear of in order to maximize your voyage.

In this article, I will share my expert advice on what not to do on a Disney cruise. From packing light and efficiently to researching and planning ahead, I will provide detailed insights to help you navigate the do’s and don’ts of cruising with Disney.

Don’t miss out on character meet and greets, avoid overindulging in food and drinks, and be mindful of your budget. By following these tips, you’ll ensure a memorable and stress-free experience onboard.

So, let’s dive in and discover what not to do on a Disney cruise.

• Avoid overpacking and instead pack light and efficiently, considering activities and choosing versatile clothing items.
• Research and plan ahead to make the most of your cruise experience, including checking the cruise schedule for special events, exploring onboard activities, and researching port excursions.
• Make sure to check the daily schedule for character appearances and plan your day accordingly to meet your favorite characters.
• Take advantage of photo opportunities with characters, both through professional sessions and impromptu meet and greets, to capture magical moments and create lasting memories.

Pack Light and Efficiently

When going on a Disney cruise, it’s crucial to pack light and efficiently. This will help you avoid the hassle of lugging around heavy suitcases and give you more time to enjoy the magical experience.

To pack efficiently, start by making a list of essentials and stick to it. Consider the activities you plan to participate in and pack accordingly. Choose versatile clothing items that can be mixed and matched to avoid overpacking. Rolling your clothes instead of folding them can save space in your suitcase.

Don’t forget to pack travel-sized toiletries to minimize weight. Remember, Disney cruises offer laundry services, so you can wash your clothes if needed.

By packing light and efficiently, you’ll have more freedom to explore the ship and enjoy all the exciting activities it has to offer.

Now, let’s move on to the next section about researching and planning ahead.

Research and Plan Ahead

Before setting sail on a Disney cruise, it is important to thoroughly research and carefully plan your itinerary to maximize your experience. Here are some research tips and planning advice to help you make the most of your trip:

By doing your research and planning ahead, you can make the most of your Disney cruise experience. Do not miss out on character meet and greets, where you can interact with your favorite Disney characters and create unforgettable memories.

Don’t Miss Out on Character Meet and Greets

When going on a Disney cruise, don’t miss out on the character meet and greets. To make the most of these experiences, always check the daily schedule for character appearances. This allows you to plan your day accordingly and ensure you don’t miss any of your favorite characters.

Additionally, line up early for popular characters to avoid long waits and maximize your time onboard. Take advantage of the photo opportunities available during the meet and greets to capture the magical moments and create lasting memories.

Check the Daily Schedule for Character Appearances

Make sure to always check the daily schedule on a Disney cruise to find out when and where your favorite characters will be making appearances. This is especially important if you want to get character autographs or have character dining experiences. The daily schedule will have a list of all the characters that will be available for meet and greets throughout the day. It will also include the locations and times for each appearance, so you can plan your day accordingly. To make it easier for you to keep track of the character appearances, I have created a table below with an example of what the daily schedule might look like. Remember, popular characters tend to have long lines, so make sure to line up early to avoid disappointment.

Now, let’s talk about why it’s important to line up early for popular characters.

Line Up Early for Popular Characters

To ensure a magical experience, it’s crucial to arrive early for beloved characters, as their popularity often leads to lengthy queues. Here are three reasons why you should line up early for popular characters on a Disney cruise:

By packing your patience and managing the crowds, you’ll be able to make the most of your character meet and greets.

Now, let’s move on to the next section about taking advantage of photo opportunities.

Take Advantage of Photo Opportunities

Don’t miss out on capturing amazing photos with your favorite characters by taking advantage of the numerous photo opportunities available on a Disney cruise. Photo memories are a wonderful way to commemorate your trip and relive the magical moments long after you’ve returned home. Disney cruises offer a variety of opportunities to capture these special moments, from professional photo sessions with characters to impromptu meet and greets throughout the ship.

To give you an idea of the photo opportunities available, here is a table showcasing some of the options:

Capturing these moments will create lasting memories of your Disney cruise. So, make sure to bring your camera or smartphone along and be ready to snap away!

As you wrap up your photo session, it’s time to transition into the next section about avoiding overindulging in food and drinks.

Avoid Overindulging in Food and Drinks

Indulging excessively in the delectable array of food and drinks onboard can transform the Disney cruise into a regretful journey of expanding waistlines and regretful decisions.

It’s easy to get carried away with the endless buffets and tempting desserts, but it’s important to avoid excessive snacking and be mindful of portion sizes.

The dining options onboard are truly remarkable, with a wide variety of cuisines to choose from. However, it’s crucial to exercise self-control and not give in to every culinary temptation. Remember, moderation is key.

By making conscious choices and limiting indulgence, you can enjoy the delicious offerings without feeling guilty or uncomfortable.

So, after satisfying your taste buds, don’t forget to take advantage of the onboard entertainment, where you can dance, laugh, and create lasting memories.

Don’t Forget to Take Advantage of Onboard Entertainment

When it comes to onboard entertainment, there are a few key points that you don’t want to miss out on.

First and foremost, attending the Broadway-style shows and performances is an absolute must. From beloved Disney classics to new and exciting productions, these shows are sure to captivate and entertain.

Additionally, don’t forget to participate in trivia nights and game shows for a chance to show off your knowledge and win some great prizes.

Lastly, make sure to take advantage of the live music and dance parties that are offered throughout the cruise, as they provide the perfect opportunity to let loose and have a great time.

Attend Broadway-style Shows and Performances

Experience the magic of Broadway-style shows and performances on a Disney cruise. Immerse yourself in the enchanting world of entertainment as you step into the theater. From dazzling costumes to impressive choreography and unforgettable music, you’ll be captivated from the start. Disney Cruise Line brings the best of Broadway to the high seas with spectacular productions like ‘Beauty and the Beast,’ ‘Frozen, A Musical Spectacular,’ and ‘Tangled: The Musical.’ These shows feature talented performers who bring beloved Disney characters to life, creating a truly magical experience for guests of all ages.

Whether you’re a fan of classic Disney tales or newer favorites, there’s something for everyone to enjoy. Sit back, relax, and let the cast transport you to a world of pure imagination. After indulging in the magic of Broadway, get ready to participate in trivia nights and game shows, where even more fun awaits.

Participate in Trivia Nights and Game Shows

Get ready to test your knowledge and have a blast with trivia nights and game shows that will transport you to a world of excitement and friendly competition. Disney Cruise Line offers a variety of trivia nights and game shows throughout the voyage, providing entertainment for guests of all ages.

However, it’s important to be aware of the trivia nights controversy. Some guests feel that the questions can be too difficult or unfair, leading to frustration and disappointment. To maximize your chances of winning, it’s helpful to develop game show strategies. Pay attention to the rules and format of each game, study up on Disney knowledge beforehand, and work together as a team if playing with friends or family.

With these tips in mind, you’ll be ready to join in on the fun and compete for the top spot.

Speaking of fun, the next section will explore how you can enjoy live music and dance parties onboard the Disney Cruise Line – a perfect way to let loose and show off your moves.

Enjoy Live Music and Dance Parties

Let loose and groove to the live music and dance parties onboard the Disney Cruise Line. Show off your moves and have a blast. The live entertainment on the ship is top-notch. Talented musicians and performers will keep you entertained throughout your journey.

Picture yourself on the dance floor, surrounded by vibrant lights and energetic music. Dance the night away. The atmosphere is electric, and you can feel the energy pulsing through the crowd. As the music plays, you can’t help but join in on the fun. Let the rhythm guide your every move.

From themed dance parties to live bands playing your favorite tunes, there is something for everyone to enjoy. Put on your dancing shoes and get ready to have the time of your life.

But remember, while having fun is important, it’s equally important to follow safety guidelines and rules to ensure everyone’s well-being.

Follow Safety Guidelines and Rules

To ensure the safety of yourself and others, it’s important to always follow the safety guidelines and rules on a Disney cruise. Even if you feel like they may be restrictive or unnecessary, Disney cruises prioritize the well-being of their guests. Adhering to the safety guidelines is crucial for a smooth and enjoyable experience.

When it comes to packing, make sure to bring any necessary medications and medical equipment. Additionally, pack comfortable shoes for walking around the ship. Familiarize yourself with the emergency procedures and locations of life jackets and evacuation points.

In case of an emergency, stay calm and follow the instructions provided by the crew. By being prepared and following these guidelines, you can ensure a safe and worry-free cruise experience.

Moving on to the next section about avoiding missing important announcements and updates, it’s essential to stay informed throughout your journey.

Avoid Missing Important Announcements and Updates

To avoid missing important announcements and updates on a Disney Cruise, it is crucial to pay attention to the Daily Navigator or Cruise App. This comprehensive guide provides a detailed schedule of activities, dining options, and important announcements throughout the day.

Additionally, listening for public address system announcements is essential as they provide important information about safety drills, disembarkation procedures, and any changes to the itinerary.

Lastly, don’t forget to check the ship’s informational screens located throughout the ship. These screens display crucial updates, such as weather conditions, onboard activities, and any changes to the schedule.

By utilizing these resources, you can stay informed and ensure you don’t miss out on any important information during your Disney Cruise experience.

Pay Attention to the Daily Navigator or Cruise App

Make sure you’re keeping an eye on the Daily Navigator or Cruise App; neglecting to do so could cause you to miss out on important activities and events during your Disney cruise. The Daily Navigator is a detailed schedule of all the cruise activities and onboard amenities available each day. It includes information about character meet and greets, shows, dining options, and more. The Cruise App is a convenient way to access the same information on your smartphone. By regularly checking the Daily Navigator or Cruise App, you can plan your day and make sure you don’t miss any of the exciting experiences onboard. For example, you might discover a special themed party or a workshop that interests you. Don’t let these opportunities pass you by. Pay attention to the Daily Navigator or Cruise App to make the most of your Disney cruise experience. And remember, listening for public address system announcements is also important to stay informed about any last-minute changes or updates.

Listen for Public Address System Announcements

Be sure to keep your ears open for the public address system announcements, as they act as a guiding lighthouse, illuminating any important updates or changes during your Disney cruise journey. Public address system etiquette is crucial on a Disney cruise.

When you hear the familiar chime and the captain’s voice over the speakers, it’s essential to pause and listen attentively. The announcements provide valuable information about safety drills, onboard activities, dining options, and even port arrival times. It’s like having a personal tour guide on the ship, ensuring you don’t miss out on any exciting experiences.

Pay attention to the details shared, as they can enhance your vacation and make it even more memorable. So, take a moment to listen carefully to the public address system announcements and be in the know.

Speaking of staying informed, let’s move on to the next section about checking the ship’s informational screens.

Check the Ship’s Informational Screens

When onboard a cruise ship, it is important to check the ship’s informational screens. These screens offer a wealth of knowledge and exciting updates for passengers. They provide important information about the ship’s safety protocols and emergency procedures, such as details about muster stations, lifeboat locations, and evacuation procedures. Additionally, the screens offer updates on any changes in the itinerary, weather conditions, and entertainment options. It is crucial to pay attention to these updates to ensure your safety and make the most of your Disney cruise experience. By staying informed, you can navigate the ship confidently and be prepared for any unforeseen situations.

Moving on to the next section about being mindful of your budget, remember to take advantage of the ship’s informational screens. They are a valuable resource to stay informed about the latest offerings and activities onboard.

Be Mindful of Your Budget

Watch your wallet like a hawk and avoid the black hole of overspending on a Disney cruise. Budgeting is key to saving money and making the most of your vacation. Here are some budgeting tips to keep in mind:

By being mindful of your budget, you can enjoy all that a Disney cruise has to offer without breaking the bank. And speaking of making the most of your cruise experience, don’t miss out on the unforgettable Castaway Cay adventure.

Don’t Miss the Castaway Cay Experience

When it comes to Disney Cruises, one of the highlights is definitely the Castaway Cay experience. To make the most of your day on Disney’s private island, it’s important to plan ahead.

From enjoying water sports and beach activities to exploring the nature trails and bike rentals, there’s something for everyone to enjoy on Castaway Cay.

Plan Your Day on Disney’s Private Island

Make sure to take full advantage of your time on Disney’s private island and plan your day accordingly to soak up all the magic and create unforgettable memories.

When it comes to planning your day on the beautiful Castaway Cay, there are a few things you don’t want to miss.

Start by planning your beach activities, whether it’s building sandcastles with the little ones or simply lounging in the sun.

Don’t forget to explore the local cuisine and try some delicious Caribbean dishes at one of the island’s dining locations.

After enjoying a satisfying meal, it’s time to dive into the crystal-clear waters and participate in water sports and beach activities.

From snorkeling to paddleboarding, there’s something for everyone to enjoy.

So get ready to make a splash and have the time of your life on Disney’s private island.

Enjoy Water Sports and Beach Activities

Get ready to have a blast in the crystal-clear waters and participate in thrilling water sports and beach activities on Disney’s private island.

When it comes to water safety, Disney Cruise Line takes it seriously. Lifeguards are always on duty, ensuring a safe and enjoyable experience for everyone.

Whether you’re a beginner or an expert, there are plenty of options to choose from. Try your hand at kayaking, paddleboarding, or snorkeling, and get up close and personal with the vibrant marine life.

If you prefer to stay on land, there are beach games like volleyball and soccer to keep you entertained.

After a day of fun in the sun, transition into the subsequent section about exploring the nature trails and bike rentals, where you can continue your adventure on Disney’s private island.

Explore the Nature Trails and Bike Rentals

Explore the nature trails and bike rentals to take a leisurely bike ride along the beautiful scenery of Disney’s private island. It’s a perfect way to connect with nature and enjoy some peaceful moments during your Disney cruise.

As you pedal along, don’t forget to bring your camera and indulge in some nature photography. Capture the vibrant colors of the flora and fauna that surround you. Keep an eye out for wildlife as well, because the island is home to many fascinating creatures. If you’re lucky, you might spot some dolphins playing in the crystal-clear waters or catch a glimpse of a colorful bird perched on a branch.

So, hop on a bike, embrace the tranquility of the nature trails, and get ready for some amazing photo opportunities.

Speaking of relaxation, it’s important to avoid overworking yourself with a packed schedule.

Avoid Overworking Yourself with a Packed Schedule

Don’t overwhelm yourself with a jam-packed schedule on a Disney cruise, or you’ll risk turning into an exhausted, sleep-deprived zombie by the end of the trip. While it’s tempting to try and experience everything the cruise has to offer, it’s important to avoid multitasking and prioritize rest and relaxation.

Disney cruises provide a wide range of activities, from character meet and greets to exhilarating water slides, but trying to do it all can lead to burnout. Instead, take the time to plan your days wisely and allow for downtime. Don’t be afraid to skip an activity or two if you need some rest.

Remember, this is your vacation, and it’s important to enjoy it without feeling overwhelmed. Pace yourself, take breaks, and savor the moments of pure relaxation that a Disney cruise can provide.

Can I bring my own food and drinks on board?

Yes, you are allowed to bring your own food and drinks on board a Disney cruise. However, there are restrictions on bringing alcohol, and you should also consider any dietary restrictions you may have.

Are there any age restrictions for the onboard entertainment?

There are age restrictions for some of the onboard entertainment on a Disney cruise. Certain shows and activities may have age limitations to ensure the best experience for all guests.

What are the safety guidelines and rules for children on the cruise?

Children’s activities on a Disney cruise are designed to be fun and engaging. Parental supervision is required at all times to ensure the safety of children. Safety guidelines include staying in designated areas and following staff instructions.

Are there any additional costs for the Castaway Cay experience?

There are additional costs for the Castaway Cay experience, such as renting snorkel gear or participating in excursions. However, there are also many activities included, like lounging on the beach, swimming, and enjoying the water play areas.

What happens if I miss an important announcement or update?

If you miss important announcements or updates on a Disney cruise, you may be left in a lurch. Stay vigilant to avoid missing any crucial information that could impact your trip.

So there you have it, folks. Now that I’ve shared with you all the things you shouldn’t do on a Disney cruise, I hope you’ll take my advice and do the exact opposite.

Because who wants to miss out on the magic and wonder of a Disney cruise? Pack your bags, plan ahead, indulge in the delicious food and drinks, and make the most of the onboard entertainment.

Don’t forget to relax and enjoy yourself, but also make sure to stay updated and mindful of your budget.

And most importantly, don’t miss out on the incredible experience of Castaway Cay. Trust me, you’ll thank me later.

Meet Asra, a talented and adventurous writer who infuses her passion for exploration into every word she writes. Asra’s love for storytelling and her insatiable curiosity about the world make her an invaluable asset to the Voyager Info team.

From a young age, Asra was drawn to the power of words and their ability to transport readers to far-off lands and magical realms. Her fascination with travel and cultures from around the globe fueled her desire to become a travel writer, and she set out on a journey to turn her dreams into reality.

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Beyond the Buffet: How Do Cruise Ships Get Rid of Human Waste?

By: Author David Chapman

Posted on Last updated: November 5, 2023

Categories CRUISE PLANNING , LEARN , ONBOARD EXPERIENCE

Cruises promise families a world of fun and adventure, from buffet extravaganzas to exotic shore excursions. But amidst the magic, there’s a logistical marvel often unnoticed: the management of waste on the high seas .

Specifically, how do cruise ships get rid of human waste? Let’s venture beyond the buffet to explore the systems in place that ensure both our comfort and the ocean’s health.

How Do Cruise Ships Get Rid of Human Waste: The Short Answer

Cruise ships deal with “ black water ,” which is human waste from toilets, clinics, and critter pens. All of this waste is packed with germs and junk, which, if tossed directly into the ocean, can definitely harm its ecosystem. Fortunately, rules and systems are in place to handle this procedure correctly.

Sewage treatment plants are among the systems used before discharging to combat and reduce pathogens and contaminants that blackwater can produce. Human waste collectively gets stored in holding tanks and most often gets disposed of in port facilities. 

The Advanced Wastewater Treatment System (AWTS) is the most environmentally friendly procedure – using multiple processing stages to remove all the pollutants. This now “purified wastewater” is then either reused on the ship (not for drinking purposes) or responsibly discharged into the ocean or at a port facility.

But for more details on the fascinating process, read on. 

Cruise Ship Wastewater Separation: How Does It Work?

Cruise ships churn out tons of wastewater, and it’s not your regular H2O. Because they house so many passengers and crew, they can generate around 1000 cubic meters of wastewater daily . It mixes toilet material, kitchen muddles, chemicals, and debris from sinks and showers.

So, of course, there are rules categorized for the three types of wastewater: 

• Black water – from toilets and kitchens –  is often the collection of sewage, food particles, medical waste, and more. Cruise ships handle blackwater with tanks and pumps. They collect it by gravity or vacuum, with strainers to nab any solids. Attached pumps move it to screen presses, separating the gunk from the liquid for treatment. 
• Grey water – from sinks and showers – is often a soapy and greasy collection. Cruise ships handle greywater with a hi-tech system. It screens out both the big and tiny debris, then uses bio and chemical approaches to clean it up. The result? Clean greywater that stays within nature’s limits.
• Bilge water –  from what collects at the lowest part of the ship’s hull – is often the oily contraption from the ship’s engines, as well as a sludge buildup from seawater and freshwater leaking into the bilge wells. Bilge water on cruise ships goes through these steps:
• Collection: They gather it in the bilge wells, the ship’s basement, where the sides meet.
• Separation: Operators now run it through an Oily Water Separator (OWS), which cleans out oily stuff – some systems also use a triple-filter system.
• Measurement: They check it’s clean – less than 15 parts oil per million parts water.
• Discharge: Only clean water goes into the ocean far from the coast. The rest gets another cleaning round – some cruise ships even go the extra mile with two OWS systems for added environmental safety.

Most cruise ships, though, are incredibly innovative and recycle some wastewater for things like cleaning decks or flushing toilets. It saves on fresh water and helps the planet.

What Do Cruise Ships Do With Sewage?

Sewage, being a mix of wastewater and human waste, comes in either a liquid or solid state. Solid includes paper, plastic, food scraps – the bulky stuff. Liquid is water from sinks, showers, toilets, plus any chemicals. 

The critical thing to remember here is that no ship can dump whatever they want, wherever they want. They are subject to criminal penalties if caught doing so. Cruise ships need to follow rules based on where they sail and what sewage they’ve got.

Solid waste gets its own tanks. It’s squeezed down and dried up. Some are burned on board, and some are offloaded for recycling or disposal. Records on how much solid waste is generated, as well as disposed of, is a mandatory requirement by law. 

Liquid waste splits into greywater and blackwater groups. Greywater is legally allowed to be disposed of at sea just over three miles from land after it has been treated. Cruise ships handle their black water in two ways: at port or at sea. It’s a choice based on a few things: port facilities, location, rules, and how clean the water is.

• Port action: Some ships like to dock and hand off their black water to the land-based sewage system. It’s greener and follows strict rules in some spots. But not all ports are ready for it, and it can mess with schedules.
• At sea: Others go for ocean disposal, which saves time and money – but only under the correct conditions. If human waste is not treated correctly, it’s a no-go for the environment. Thus, strict rules apply here; maintaining a distance of 3.5 miles from shore according to US laws is one of them. But they all vary depending on the jurisdiction and environmental protection laws.

Who Enforces the Rules?

Several different agencies and departments actively work to monitor and enforce the rules regarding handling wastewater. These include the U.S. Coast Guard, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Department of Justice.

Here are some notable examples of rules enforcement at work:

• Holland America Line Operating Company Agrees to Plead Guilty to Illegal Discharge of 20,000 Gallons of Untreated Sewage into Juneau Harbor (December 2004)
• Princess Cruise Lines to Pay $40 Million Fine for Illegal Dumping (December 2016)
• Carnival Cruises to Pay $20 Million in Pollution and Cover-Up Case (June 2019)
• Holland America fined $17K over greywater dumping in Glacier Bay (September 2019)

Black Water Treatment On Cruise Ships

Black water treatment on cruise ships is all about cleaning up sewage before it hits the ocean. Different ships use different sewage treatment plants (STPs) based on their size and design.

• Marine Sanitation Devices (MSDs): Old-school STPs that grind waste, disinfect with chlorine, and remove excess chlorine before releasing it – not excellent at reducing organic matter and may create nasty by-products.
• Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs): Advanced STPs that use biology and membranes to clean. Bacteria break down waste, membranes filter out the gunk, and UV light or ozone sterilizes it, producing top-notch clean water.
• Advanced Wastewater Treatment Systems (AWTS): The eco-champion of STPs. It has stages for separating solids, breaking down waste, removing contaminants, and recycling water for non-drinking purposes – saving up to 80% of water and reducing waste.

Behind the Scenes: Cruise Ship Kitchen Operations

Understanding Advanced Wastewater Treatment On Cruise Ships

Cruise ships confront the challenge of wastewater, a complex mix of organic and inorganic contaminants that, if released untreated, can harm the marine environment and public health. To address this, vessels are equipped with sophisticated Advanced Wastewater Treatment Systems (AWTS) capable of purifying wastewater before it’s discharged into the sea.

AWTS represents a multi-faceted approach, leveraging biological, physical, and chemical processes for onboard wastewater treatment. The choice of AWTS type—whether membrane bioreactors, activated sludge systems, or reverse osmosis systems—depends on the vessel’s design and capacity. Nevertheless, all systems share common stages, including:

• Pre-treatment: This phase encompasses the removal of large solids, such as paper, plastic, and food scraps, through processes like screening, grinding, and filtering. These actions prevent potential clogging and damage to downstream treatment equipment.
• Biological treatment: Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi are employed to decompose organic matter and nutrients present in wastewater. These microorganisms metabolize organic material into carbon dioxide, water, and biomass. The biomass is subsequently separated from the treated water through sedimentation or filtration.
• Disinfection: Chlorination or ultraviolet radiation is applied to eliminate any remaining pathogens like bacteria and viruses within the treated water, ensuring its safety for discharge or reuse onboard.
• Post-treatment: This stage involves adjustments to the water’s pH, removal of excess chlorine, or the addition of chemicals to enhance the quality of the treated water, aligning it with international standards and regulations governing discharge or reuse onboard.

AWTS is engineered to produce effluent cleaner than what’s typically found in municipal wastewater treatment plants on land. Notably, the Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) reports that 99% of new ships on order are equipped with AWTS, bringing the global capacity to 78.5%. Presently, 70% of the CLIA’s oceangoing cruise line fleet capacity relies on AWTS, marking a 5% increase over 2019.

The implementation of AWTS underscores the cruise industry’s dedication to environmental responsibility and innovation, minimizing its impact on marine ecosystems and safeguarding human health while providing an exceptional experience for passengers and crew members.

Do Cruise Ships Reuse Waste Water?

Cruise ships, those colossal floating cities, are thirsty for water. They use it for everything, but they can’t tap into pipes like on land. They either make their own from seawater or store it. And they’ve got to deal with the water mess left behind by passengers and crew.

Cruise ships work some water magic to stay in the good books of environmental regulations and be savvy with resources. They treat the water based on what it is.

Greywater gets cleaned up with physical and biological methods. Then, it’s used for things like flushing toilets or washing decks. Some high-tech ships take it further, making it safe to drink.

Black water needs a more complex treatment involving disinfection, nutrient removal, and sludge management. After that, it might find a new life for non-drinking uses like cooling the engine or getting released into the sea under strict rules.

And it’s not just about cleaning up. Cruise ships are water-saving champs. They use low-flow and air-powered faucets and teach passengers and crew to be water-wise. Every drop counts, and they even collect rainwater and AC condensation.

Treating and reusing water isn’t just about being responsible; it’s also a smart financial move and a nod to environmental stewardship.

How Cruise Ships Follow Environmental Standards

Cruise ships operate within a healthy framework of environmental strategies – demonstrating their dedication to environmental responsibility. Oversight from the major leagues like the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the European Union (EU) brings compliance to both national and international environmental laws.

For environmental sustainability, the pursuit starts with cruise ships committing to reducing global carbon emissions – aiming to achieve the IMO’s zero-emission target . They employ advanced tech and practices to boost fuel efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions simultaneously – a must for the cruise industry. 

These include next-gen air quality systems and propulsion systems applying liquefied natural gas (LNG) as the main focus. Still, more innovative moves towards the change include shore power connections, optimized hull designs, speed management, and energy conservation measures.

Operating in ecologically sensitive areas, like the Norwegian World Heritage Fjords, requires strict adherence to environmental regulations. Cruise ships must meet specific criteria regarding fuel sulfur content, nitrogen oxide emissions, water discharge from scrubbers, incinerators, black and grey water treatment, and anti-vapor plume devices. 

More than just a fancy voyage – they tackle serious stuff too – waste control, clean ballast water, noise reduction, marine life care, and even educational programs. No ordinary gig!

Cruise lines adhere to industry best practices and standards as part of their ongoing commitment to reduce their environmental footprint and act as responsible ocean stewards.

David Chapman

Contributor

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California Passes Legislation to Stop Cruise Ship Sewage Dumping

Press Release Date: October 5, 2009

Location: Washington

Anna Baxter | email: [email protected] Anna Baxter

The California legislature has sent Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger three bills that would give that state the nation’s tightest controls over cruise ship sewage dumping in coastal waters, eclipsing Alaska, the only other state with strict cruise pollution laws, and far outpacing lax federal regulations that do little to protect the oceans.

International ocean conservation group Oceana, which recently won an important victory against Miami-based Royal Caribbean Cruises, urged the governor to quickly sign the bills into law. California has the second-largest cruise ship market in the nation, after Florida.

In May, after an 11-month campaign, Oceana persuaded Royal Caribbean, the world’s second-largest cruise ship company, to agree to install advanced wastewater treatment technology fleet-wide. Oceana has been fiercely advocating for stronger state and federal cruise pollution laws. Current law allows the cruise industry to dump so-called “graywater” (sewage from kitchens, sinks and showers) anywhere, while sewage from toilets is only required to be treated if it’s dumped within three miles of shore, and even then, by antiquated and ineffective marine sanitation devices.

“This legislation stops cruise ship dumping in state waters. It sends a clear message that cruise ships are welcome in California so long as they leave their wastes behind. Ocean and coastal waters are too important for Californians to allow needless pollution,” said Assemblyman Joe Simitian, D-21st, author of AB 2672, which bans cruise ships from dumping sewage from toilets within three miles of shore.

The legislature approved AB 2672 on Aug. 20, along with another bill, AB 471, also written by Simitian, which bans cruise ships from incinerating waste off California’s coast. The third bill, AB 2093, by Assemblyman George Nakano, D-53rd, prohibits cruise ships from dumping sewage from kitchens, sinks, and showers in state waters. It was approved today.

“We congratulate Assemblymen Nakano and Simitian and the California legislature for finally addressing the growing problem of cruise pollution,” said Dana DuBose, director of Oceana’s Southern California office. “Californians take great pride in their coast and coastal waters. Now they can be equally proud of their legislators for protecting them.”

A single large cruise ship can carry up to 5,000 people and generate an astonishing amount of pollution: up to 25,000 gallons of sewage from toilets and 200,000 gallons of sewage from kitchens, sinks and showers every day. Inadequately treated sewage puts the coastal environment at risk due to the threat of bacteria, pathogens and heavy metals. Such pollution contributes to beach closures, coral reef destruction and other serious marine problems.

Although cruise ship waste volumes can equal those of a small city, the cruise industry is exempt from Clean Water Act requirements that apply to municipalities and land-based industries. Cruise ships are not required to monitor or report waste dumped into the oceans and are exempt from California water quality standards. Cruise lines have paid more that $40 million in cumulative fines and penalties since 1999 for violating the few federal laws that do regulate cruise pollution.

“The legislature has done its part, now it’s up to the governor to enact these laws,” said DuBose. “These bills are consistent with the governor’s proposed action plan to clean up ocean waters. Based on that strategy and his strong support for protecting ocean and coastal waters, we are confident that he will sign these bills into law.”

Some facts at a glance:

    * In 2003, California enacted legislation to ban cruise ship dumping of hazardous wastes, sewage sludge and oily bilge water.     * California ports experienced nearly 10 percent growth in cruise embarkations in 2002. The port of Los Angeles, California’s largest, had 538,000 embarkations that year; the port of San Diego had the state’s strongest growth, a 31 percent increase.     * The cruise industry expects the number of ship visits to California (nearly 800 in 2003) to increase by 25 percent during the next decade.

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Waste management on cruise ships

Managing waste, including wastewater and food disposal, is a critical aspect of operating cruise ships sustainably and responsibly.

Waste Disposal

With thousands of passengers and crew members on board, cruise ships generate significant amounts of waste that must be properly handled to protect the marine environment and comply with regulations. From wastewater treatment to food waste management, cruise lines employ advanced technologies and practices to minimize their environmental footprint and ensure the health and safety of everyone on board. Waste disposal on board cruise ships is a crucial aspect of their operation, as they need to manage various types of waste generated by thousands of passengers and crew members. Effective management of solid waste on board cruise ships involves a combination of segregation, storage, compaction, and responsible disposal practices to minimize environmental impact and ensure compliance with regulations.

Cruise ships must comply with strict international and local regulations regarding waste disposal to protect the marine environment regulated by International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations, such as MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships), set standards for waste management and disposal at sea.

Food Digester

General waste and recycling

Waste disposal on board cruise ships involves a combination of separation, storage, processing, and proper disposal methods to minimize environmental impact and comply with regulations. Cruise lines continually strive to improve waste management practices through innovation and technology.

Here’s a breakdown of how waste disposal typically works on cruise ships:

Solid waste on board ships encompasses a wide range of materials generated by passengers and crew during their time at sea. The whole process can be described in 4 different stages. The first one is related to separation and collection, where solid waste is typically separated into various categories such as recyclables (paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, metals), food waste, general waste, and potentially hazardous waste (batteries, chemicals, etc.) and then collected by crew members from designated bins placed throughout the ship’s public areas, cabins, and crew spaces.

Then, the storage, once collected, solid waste is stored in designated areas on the ship. These storage areas are often equipped with compactors to reduce the volume of waste and optimize storage space. Different types of waste may be stored separately to facilitate recycling or proper disposal. After the collection, compactors start to compress solid waste, reducing its volume, to help managing the storage of waste on board and may also reduce the frequency of waste disposal when in port.

There are also some special needs to handle of specific waste, according to the typology, usually divided in 3 main categories:

– Recyclables : Items like paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, and metals are typically collected for recycling. They may be compacted and stored separately for offloading in port, – General Waste : Non-recyclable, non-hazardous waste is stored and compacted for disposal in port or through onboard incineration systems, – Potentially Hazardous Waste : hazardous materials such as chemicals, batteries, and certain electronic devices are collected separately and stored securely until they can be properly disposed of on land. Items such as chemicals, batteries, fluorescent bulbs, and medical waste are collected separately as hazardous waste. These materials are stored securely and disposed of in accordance with international regulations to prevent environmental contamination.

Finally, when the ship is in port, solid waste is offloaded and disposed of according to local regulations and facilities. Recycling facilities in port may be utilized for recyclable materials, while non-recyclable waste may be sent to landfills or waste-to-energy facilities. Some cruise lines have partnerships with waste management companies to ensure proper disposal of solid waste at port destinations.

Evac Solution

Another important topic about waste, is related to food, due to the big production and consumption on board. Many cruise ships are equipped with food waste treatment systems to manage organic waste on board. Food waste may undergo processes such as grinding, maceration, or liquefaction to reduce its volume and facilitate handling and disposal. Some ships have anaerobic digestion systems that break down food waste to produce biogas, which can be used as a renewable energy source on board.

Depending on the ship’s itinerary and facilities, food waste disposal methods vary; in some cases, food waste is incinerated on board in waste-to-energy facilities, where it is burned at high temperatures to generate heat and electricity., even if this solution is becoming less and less utilized due the high amount of food needed to be burnt to make the process environmentally sustainable. When in port, food waste may be offloaded for composting, where it can be converted into nutrient-rich soil.

Food waste biodigesters are a groundbreaking step forward in sustainability, enabling ships to tackle food waste in an eco-friendly and efficient manner. These machines act as stainless-steel stomachs that eliminate most food waste within 24 hours. They use a series of processes in which micro­organisms break down organic material in the presence of oxygen. The output is grey water that can be sent to the ship’s grey water or black water system. While this technology has been in use for land applications for over a decade, it has gained remarkable traction in the marine sector. Biodigesters are spearheading the replacement of outdated pulper systems. By strategically placing food waste biodigesters in galleys and garbage rooms, ships can bid farewell to massive pulper tanks, and incinerators allowing them to reclaim valuable deck space. Moreover, biodigesters demonstrate a remarkable capability to process a wider range of waste materials that pulpers cannot, including fish bones, onion skins, shrimp shells, and more. Perhaps most noteworthy is the fact that these biodigesters effectively negate the necessity for waste transportation, thereby drastically reducing costs and streamlining operations.

Other than recycling and disposal, cruise lines often implement measures to reduce food waste generation, such as portion control, menu planning, and encouraging passengers to take only what they can eat. Buffet-style dining areas may have staff members monitoring and managing food waste to minimize overproduction and excess.

Power Knot Waste on Cruise Ships

While flushing toilets, running taps, and shower drains all result in significant amounts of human waste and wastewater, they are not the only forms of sewage that can build up while a cruise ship is on the water. If not stored and dealt with properly, this type of waste can begin to biodegrade, resulting in unpleasant odors and even a buildup of flammable gases.

To overcome this issue, waste is segregated and dehydrated. Wastewater not linked to human waste is known as grey water, undergoes thorough filtration and treatment on board. Sophisticated water treatment facilities, including settlement tanks, various filters, chemical treatments, and water quality tests, ensure that grey water is devoid of harmful contaminants before disposal. Once fully treated, this non-sewage wastewater can be discharged into designated ocean regions. However, stringent regulatory standards must be met before dumping is permitted. The water must be completely clean and pose no serious risk to local marine life and ecosystems.

Human waste, including toilet flush water and water from cabin showers, is referred to as black water. Given its health risks and unpleasant odors, proper handling of sewage is paramount on cruise ships. All forms of human waste undergo rigorous treatment processes in designated areas of the ship inaccessible to passengers. Advanced sewage treatment facilities employ heavy filtration, chemical treatments, and biological composting procedures. Throughout the treatment process, both treated and untreated sewage is stored in airtight holding tanks to control odor. These tanks undergo regular checks for leaks and weak spots to maintain their structural integrity, ensuring the health and safety of everyone on board.

Blackwater is collected in blackwater collecting units via a ring-main system. Depending on the ship’s size, there can be 4-10 collecting units installed throughout technical spaces on board, allowing for easy monitoring and maintenance.

Ring Main System

The blackwater is directed to the collecting tanks either by gravity or vacuum. In vacuum systems, vacuum pumps attached to the tanks generate the necessary vacuum regulated by sensors. Before reaching the collecting units, blackwater passes through coarse strainers to remove large-sized solids that could clog pipework or pumps. Blackwater collecting units are equipped with discharge pumps, often set on timers or level sensors. These pumps transfer blackwater to screen presses, separating solids like toilet paper, plastics, and rags from the liquid. Screen presses use a mesh screen to separate larger solids, then a screw shaft operated by a motor removes finer suspended solid impurities. Filtered blackwater moves to the treatment stage, while separated solids go to a separate tank, often called a Bio-sludge tank.

Accommodation greywater can be fed to the MBRs (Membrane Bioreactors) along with blackwater. This process is controlled by a 3-way valve, diverting greywater to maintain optimal treatment levels. In the MBR, blackwater undergoes biological treatment and membrane filtration. Aerobic bacteria in the first stage break down sewage, separating sludge from water. The second stage further removes impurities. Inter-Stage Filters (ISFs) remove finer particles before the liquid passes through to the membrane-filtration stage. Sludge is removed daily to prevent clogging and damage to membranes. Treated wastewater is pumped through membrane banks, each with millions of microscopic pores, allowing pure water molecules to pass through while blocking impurities. Chlorine treatment may be used for disinfection before the treated wastewater is pumped overboard. Regular testing ensures the MBR plant’s performance.

Galley and laundry greywater have separate storage tanks due to the presence of detergents and oils, which can affect the MBR’s performance. Blackwater management requires strict adherence to maintenance procedures and regular testing. Proper understanding and troubleshooting are essential for continued efficiency and operational continuity. The complexity of the system can pose challenges, particularly on larger ships, necessitating adherence to manufacturer guidelines and regular maintenance schedules to ensure plant health.

In conclusion, waste management on cruise ships encompasses a range of processes, from collecting and treating wastewater to segregating and recycling food waste. By implementing advanced technologies, adhering to strict regulations, and promoting environmental awareness among passengers and crew, cruise lines strive to minimize their impact on the marine environment while providing unforgettable travel experiences. Continued efforts in waste management and sustainability will be essential for the cruise industry to navigate towards an eco-friendlier future.

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6 Ways Cruise Ships are Destroying the Oceans

Cruise ships are a popular way to travel, offering passengers a chance to visit multiple destinations while enjoying luxurious amenities on board.

However, these massive ships have a significant impact on the environment, particularly the oceans they travel through.

In fact, cruise ships are responsible for a wide range of ocean pollution , from wastewater discharge to oil spills.

Before you book your next cruise, read more below to learn about the harsh reality of the cruise ship industry and its impact on our marine environment.

Table of Contents

Direct Discharge of Waste

Cruise ships generate a significant amount of waste, including air emissions, ballast water, wastewater, hazardous waste, and solid waste. One of the most significant ways cruise ships cause ocean pollution is through the direct discharge of waste into the ocean.

According to a study conducted on Southampton, cruise ships can discharge untreated oily bilge water, which can damage marine life and ecosystems. If the separator, which is usually used to extract oil, is faulty or deliberately bypassed, untreated oily bilge water could be discharged directly into the ocean .

Food waste is another type of waste generated by cruise ships, and it can also be discharged directly into the ocean.

While minimal attention is paid to food waste management by many ships and catering typical of cruise liners, it can still have a significant impact on the environment.

The direct discharge of waste from cruise ships can also include untreated wastewater, which can contain pathogens, nutrients, and other contaminants. This wastewater can be harmful to marine life and ecosystems, and it can also contribute to the growth of harmful algal blooms.

To reduce the impact of direct waste discharge, some regulations have been put in place. However, there is still a need for more stringent regulations and enforcement to ensure that cruise ships do not cause further harm to the ocean and its inhabitants.

Air Pollution from Cruise Ships

Cruise ships are one of the major sources of air pollution in the world. The emissions from these ships have a significant impact on the air quality of the surrounding areas, including coastal cities and ports.

Emission of Greenhouse Gases

Cruise ships emit significant amounts of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

These gases contribute to global warming and climate change. According to a study published in Science Direct, the emissions from cruise ships in the port of Naples, Italy, impacted the air quality of the surrounding areas.

The study found that while cruise ship emissions were not the sole source of air pollution in the port, they did contribute to the overall levels of pollution.

Release of Sulfur Dioxide

Cruise ships also release sulfur dioxide, a harmful gas that can cause respiratory problems and acid rain. According to a study published in Science Direct, the energy consumption and emissions of air pollutants from ships in harbors in Denmark were measured.

The study found that sulfur dioxide emissions from cruise liners were higher than other types of ships, and the emissions were highest when the ships were docked.

To reduce air pollution from cruise ships, some countries have implemented regulations that require ships to use cleaner fuels and technologies.

For example, in 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) implemented new regulations that require ships to use fuels with a lower sulfur content. While these regulations are a step in the right direction, more needs to be done to reduce the impact of cruise ship emissions on air quality.

Cruise Ships and Oil Spills

Cruise ships are a significant source of oil pollution in the ocean. Accidental oil spills from cruise ships can cause significant harm to marine life and the environment.

According to a study published in the Journal of Marine Pollution Bulletin, cruise ships have the potential to contribute to accidental oil spills due to their large size and the amount of fuel they carry [1] .

One of the main sources of oil pollution in the ocean is from cruise ships. In a study conducted in Ha Long Bay, Vietnam, it was found that oil spills from sunken cruise boats were responsible for more than 60% of biodiesel and petroleum diesel spills in the area [2] .

The impact of oil spills from cruise ships can be devastating to marine life and the environment. Oil spills can harm marine mammals , fish, and birds, and can also impact coastal habitats and beaches.

In a study published in the Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research, it was found that oil spills can cause both short-term and long-term damage to marine ecosystems [3] .

To prevent oil spills from cruise ships, it is essential to have proper regulations and management in place. Alaska’s Commercial Passenger Vessel Compliance Program has been cited as a model for other states to follow.

The program has implemented strict regulations for cruise ships to prevent oil spills and protect the environment [4] .

Impact on Marine Life

Cruise ships are known to cause significant harm to marine life due to their pollution. The following sub-sections describe how noise pollution and destruction of coral reefs are two ways that cruise ships impact marine life.

Noise Pollution

Noise pollution from cruise ships can have a significant impact on marine life, particularly on species that rely on sound for communication, navigation, and hunting.

Noise pollution can cause hearing loss, stress, and behavioral changes in marine animals, which can ultimately lead to decreased reproduction rates and population decline.

Destruction of Coral Reefs

Cruise ships contribute to the destruction of coral reefs in several ways, including anchoring, sewage discharge, and the release of chemicals.

Anchoring can cause physical damage to coral reefs , while sewage discharge and chemical releases can lead to water pollution, which can harm coral and marine life.

In addition, the large amount of waste generated by cruise ships can cause nutrient imbalances in the water, leading to the growth of harmful algae that can suffocate and kill coral reefs.

Cruise Ships and Plastic Pollution

Cruise ships are notorious for generating a significant amount of plastic waste, which is a major contributor to ocean pollution.

Single-use plastics: Cruise ships are known for providing passengers with single-use plastics such as straws, cups, and cutlery. These items are often used once and then discarded, contributing to the plastic waste that ends up in the ocean.

Packaging waste: In addition to single-use plastics, cruise ships generate a significant amount of packaging waste from items such as food and beverage containers, toiletries, and souvenirs.

Improper waste management: Despite regulations and guidelines for waste management, some cruise ships still dispose of plastic waste improperly, either by dumping it into the ocean or by not properly recycling it.

Graywater contamination: Cruise ships generate a significant amount of graywater, which can contain microplastics from sources such as laundry detergents and personal care products. This contaminated water can be discharged into the ocean, contributing to plastic pollution .

Dumping of garbage: Some cruise ships have been caught illegally dumping garbage, including plastic waste, into the ocean. This not only contributes to plastic pollution but also violates international laws and regulations.

Lost or discarded fishing gear: Cruise ships may accidentally or intentionally lose or discard fishing gear, such as nets and lines, which can entangle and harm marine life.

Port pollution: Cruise ships generate plastic waste not only while at sea but also while in port. This can contribute to plastic pollution in the surrounding waters and on nearby beaches .

Sewage Dumping from Cruise Ships

Cruise ships generate a significant amount of sewage waste, which is often disposed of in the ocean.

The untreated sewage contains harmful pathogens and bacteria that can cause health problems for marine life and humans.

Volume of sewage: A single cruise ship can generate up to 1 million gallons of sewage waste per week. This volume of waste can cause significant damage to marine ecosystems if not properly treated and disposed of.

Untreated sewage: Many cruise ships discharge untreated sewage directly into the ocean, which can contain harmful bacteria and pathogens. This untreated sewage can cause health problems for marine life, including fish, dolphins, and whales , and can also pose a risk to humans who come into contact with contaminated water.

Marine life impact: The discharge of sewage waste can have a significant impact on marine life, including coral reefs, fish, and other sea creatures . The high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sewage can cause harmful algal blooms, which can suffocate marine life and cause dead zones in the ocean.

Beach pollution: Sewage waste from cruise ships can wash up on beaches, causing pollution and health risks for beachgoers. The sewage can contain harmful bacteria that can cause skin infections, respiratory problems, and other health issues.

Illegal dumping: Despite regulations prohibiting the discharge of untreated sewage waste within certain distances from shore, some cruise ships continue to illegally dump sewage waste in the ocean. This illegal dumping can cause significant damage to marine ecosystems and pose health risks for humans.

Limited treatment facilities: Many ports of call do not have the necessary treatment facilities to properly treat sewage waste from cruise ships. This can lead to the discharge of untreated sewage waste into the ocean, causing pollution and health risks for marine life and humans.

Inadequate regulations: The regulations governing the disposal of sewage waste from cruise ships are often inadequate, with many countries having no regulations in place to protect marine ecosystems and human health. This lack of regulation can lead to the discharge of untreated sewage waste into the ocean, causing pollution and health risks for marine life and humans.

Cruise ships contribute significantly to ocean pollution through the dumping of sewage waste. It is essential that proper regulations and treatment facilities are put in place to protect marine ecosystems and human health.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do cruise ships contribute to ocean pollution.

Cruise ships contribute to ocean pollution in many ways. They generate large amounts of waste, including sewage, gray water, and solid waste, which can contain harmful chemicals and pathogens.

They also emit air pollution, including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, which can harm human health and the environment.

Additionally, cruise ships can damage marine ecosystems through activities such as anchoring, dredging, and discharging ballast water.

What are the main types of pollution caused by ships?

The main types of pollution caused by ships are air pollution, water pollution, and noise pollution. Air pollution is caused by emissions from ship engines and includes sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.

Water pollution is caused by discharge of untreated sewage, gray water, and ballast water, which can contain harmful chemicals and pathogens. Noise pollution is caused by ship engines, which can disrupt marine ecosystems and harm marine mammals.

What are some of the environmental impacts of cruise ships?

Cruise ships can have a range of environmental impacts, including damage to marine ecosystems, harm to marine mammals, and contribution to climate change.

They can also affect local air and water quality, and contribute to the spread of invasive species .

What is the impact of cruise ship emissions on air and water quality?

Cruise ship emissions can have a significant impact on air and water quality. Air pollution from ship engines can harm human health and contribute to climate change.

Water pollution from untreated sewage, gray water, and ballast water can harm marine ecosystems and contaminate local water sources.

How can we reduce the pollution caused by cruise ships?

There are several ways to reduce the pollution caused by cruise ships. These include using cleaner fuels, such as liquefied natural gas, improving waste management practices, and implementing technologies that reduce air and water pollution.

Additionally, regulations and policies can be put in place to limit the environmental impacts of cruise ships.

What are the long-term consequences of cruise ship pollution on marine life and ecosystems?

The long-term consequences of cruise ship pollution on marine life and ecosystems can be significant. Pollution can harm marine mammals, disrupt food chains, and damage coral reefs and other sensitive habitats.

Additionally, pollution can contribute to the spread of invasive species, which can have long-term impacts on local ecosystems.

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Moscow: question for those who have gone from St Petersburg

By Wayfairers , August 22, 2019 in Northern Europe & Baltic Sea

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I have read many of the threads that discuss whether or not Moscow is worth the expense and long day, especially when there are only 2 days in port.  I realize there are two strong opinions from people with one side saying it is worth it and the other side says stay in St Petersburg. We have decided to go Moscow on day 1 of our visit. 

So, those who have done the long trip to Moscow....did you go with the cruise ship or a private guide?   If a private guide, who and would you recommend them?  Did you take the train both ways or fly one direction?  

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On 8/22/2019 at 9:28 AM, Wayfairers said: I have read many of the threads that discuss whether or not Moscow is worth the expense and long day, especially when there are only 2 days in port.  I realize there are two strong opinions from people with one side saying it is worth it and the other side says stay in St Petersburg. We have decided to go Moscow on day 1 of our visit.    So, those who have done the long trip to Moscow....did you go with the cruise ship or a private guide?   If a private guide, who and would you recommend them?  Did you take the train both ways or fly one direction?  

Been to Moscow several times. We have used the Sapsan both ways and have also flown both ways - never a combo of the train/plane. We enjoyed the Sapsan more than the flight. We have NOT travelled to Moscow when arriving by cruise ship so have no comment on your particular situation regarding a one day tour with only 2 days in St. Pete.  Good luck - hope the visit meets your expectations.

Thanks for the info.  Good to know you enjoyed the train more than the plane - I would expect we would too as flying is typically more hassle than taking the train.  

We decided to book the trip to Moscow with the cruise ship after learning that if we miss the train or plane we don’t get a refund in addition to missing Moscow.  And, I’ve had friends who’s ship missed the St Petersburg stop due to weather.

Moscow is a great city but I would rather spend all two days in St Petersburg. Some years ago we had almost a week there and still it doesn’t seem enough. We also had one day in Moscow and the journey arranged by the local travel agency was well organized and comfortable. In a view of time restrictions of the journey (we spent almost 8 hours on the train and just 6-7 hours in the city) one day in Moscow still felt a little rushed. Anyway, enjoy planning your trip and hope you have a great time in Russia!

Just make sure the day you are going to Moscow, it is not one of their holidays or even a day before a holiday.

Moscow is an amazing city but it is frustrating when Red Square is closed for parades, etc.... It is hard to determine when they close it but it is definitely closed for their holidays. When it is closed - you can only walk around the exterior of the square and look in.

Thanks!   I will check.  We are in Moscow May 16.  I know May 9 is a holiday. 

AngelDisney

I have 2 days in St. Petersburg and am thinking about this possibility. I think it’s hard to do this with 2 days. The first day will take longer time to go ashore because of the immigration process. The second day is not possible due to the early all abroad time. It seems that it’s only worth doing it if there are 3 days in St. Petersburg especially when a full day of touring in Moscow is preferred. 

1 hour ago, AngelDisney said: I have 2 days in St. Petersburg and am thinking about this possibility. I think it’s hard to do this with 2 days. The first day will take longer time to go ashore because of the immigration process. The second day is not possible due to the early all abroad time. It seems that it’s only worth doing it if there are 3 days in St. Petersburg especially when a full day of touring in Moscow is preferred. 

For 2 days - spend the time in St. Petersburg. There is so much to see there. Save this for a 2nd trip.

When we were in St. Petersburg we were also very interested in visiting Moscow. We were already in Russia why not visit as much places as we could, right? We used Anastasia Travel for our St. Petersburg tour and also asked them to include Moscow. They were very helpful and were very much willing to arrange a day trip to Moscow for us but they suggested we just stay in St. Petersburg since we only had 2 days. They were kind enough to explain that we would just waste time and money if me push through with the Moscow trip. We would spend more time on the train instead of using the time to explore and enjoy the sights. They were actually correct and we ended up enjoying a wonderful 2-day tour in St. Petersburg. I guess we'll have to go back to see Moscow and make sure to stay longer! 

angie7911922

When we went to St Petersburg we had the same dilemma. We decided not to go to Moscow and didn’t regret it one bit. There is so much to see! If you spend the 2 days in St Petersburg you can go and see Peterhof Palace on one of the days. We were on a Princess cruise and like flowslow, we booked our private tours with Katharina from Anastasia Travel.   This way we used our time to the fullest to see as much as possible at our pace with a personal guide. (We are not fond of the big group tours from the cruise lines).

9 hours ago, angie7911922 said: When we went to St Petersburg we had the same dilemma. We decided not to go to Moscow and didn’t regret it one bit. There is so much to see! If you spend the 2 days in St Petersburg you can go and see Peterhof Palace on one of the days. We were on a Princess cruise and like flowslow, we booked our private tours with Katharina from Anastasia Travel.   This way we used our time to the fullest to see as much as possible at our pace with a personal guide. (We are not fond of the big group tours from the cruise lines).

We have two days and decided only staying in SPB for both days. We are thinking of forming a private tour with other cruisers on another forum as the CC roll call for that cruise is so quiet. We are looking into Anastasia Travel as well. Very excited to go!

On 9/1/2019 at 8:09 PM, AngelDisney said: We have two days and decided only staying in SPB for both days. We are thinking of forming a private tour with other cruisers on another forum as the CC roll call for that cruise is so quiet. We are looking into Anastasia Travel as well. Very excited to go!

Great idea to form a small group!! Have a fantastic time and I am sure you wont regret that decision!! 

luvtravel88

I'm not sure about customs when coming in on a cruise ship. We were told that if we wanted to leave the ship, we would have to be on a tour, either a ships tour or private tour. I know we had to show our tour tickets at customs to be allowed to go further. We chose Alla tours and they were fantastic. We were docked in St. Petersburg for 3 days and we did go to Moscow on the Capsan train on the 2nd day. It was a VERY long day. We had to meet our group at 6:00am and were on the train at 7:00am. We arrived back at to our cabin at 1:30am the next day. It was a wonderful day and we're so glad we went but if we were in St. Petersburg for only 2 days, I probably wouldn't spend a day in Moscow. It is a 4 hour train ride each way, and if you need to be back to the ship to depart, it may not leave you much time in Moscow. The 8 hours we spent there, wasn't nearly enough. Traffic is horrible and we ended up getting off our bus and taking the subway to Red Square. Those 8 hours allowed us a tour of Red Square, which was phenomenal as well as a quick walk through GUM department store and a ride on the subway with several stops to see the mosaics, sculptures and chandeliers that are in the corridors of the subway stops.

But.....there is so much to see in St. Petersburg , the 2 days we spent there, were a whirl.

Whatever you decide to do, be sure you're in line to get off the ship before the ship arrives in port. We were in line an hour early and there were still about 20 people ahead of us. We found that the cruise ship allowed their tour groups to get off the ship first, so when we got to customs, the lines were outrageous. It took us about an hour in line and we were late starting our tour. I had organized the tour with Alla and had advertised it on our cruise forum here at Cruise Critic. There were 12 of us and we met up on the ship each morning and went through customs together so we all met the tour bus at the same time. That was very helpful!

The lines the first day were the worst and days 2 and 3 went much more quickly. Also, everyone was getting off the ship at the same time on Day 1, but tours met and left at different times on Days 2 and 3.

16 minutes ago, luvtravel88 said: . Whatever you decide to do, be sure you're in line to get off the ship before the ship arrives in port. We were in line an hour early and there were still about 20 people ahead of us. We found that the cruise ship allowed their tour groups to get off the ship first, so when we got to customs, the lines were outrageous. It took us about an hour in line and we were late starting our tour. ! The lines the first day were the worst and days 2 and 3 went much more quickly. Also, everyone was getting off the ship at the same time on Day 1, but tours met and left at different times on Days 2 and 3.

This is one of the reasons that we decided to use the cruise ship to go to Moscow our first day in St Petersburg. 

25 minutes ago, Wayfairers said: This is one of the reasons that we decided to use the cruise ship to go to Moscow our first day in St Petersburg. 

I believe that the ship tours to Moscow go via air, right?

Yes, as others have noted, there is MUCH to see in Saint Petersburg and in spending a week there one will barely scratch the surface - the same is true for Moscow.

It sounds like you want to get a "taste" of both cities - don't allow anyone to "throw water" on your plans as you best know what you want to do. You can always return for an extended visit.  😉

4 hours ago, dogs4fun said: I believe that the ship tours to Moscow go via air, right? Yes, as others have noted, there is MUCH to see in Saint Petersburg and in spending a week there one will barely scratch the surface - the same is true for Moscow. It sounds like you want to get a "taste" of both cities - don't allow anyone to "throw water" on your plans as you best know what you want to do. You can always return for an extended visit.  😉

No, our ship tour is going by train there and back unless I misread something.  You are right...we just want a taste of both cities.  In fact, that is what we get from all cruise port stops - just a taste.  We are never there long enough to the see the area completely.

2 hours ago, Wayfairers said: No, our ship tour is going by train there and back unless I misread something.  

Interesting - I thought that the ship tours flew to Moscow when in port for only 2 days. Hope you will post upon return and let us know how it went.

16 hours ago, dogs4fun said: Interesting - I thought that the ship tours flew to Moscow when in port for only 2 days. Hope you will post upon return and let us know how it went.

Double checked and it says we go to Moscow on the high speed train.   Come back the same way.   From all I’ve read it takes a little longer (ship to Moscow sites) to fly than to take the train.  

I've been thinking about that - and I might be wrong, but it seems to me an SPB-Moscow combo over a 3-day cruise is one of the few remaining cases where obtaining a full-fledged Russian visa actually makes sense (especially for families/groups and especially if one is willing to do some DIY trip planning). 

Just to make sure, though - for those staying on the ship, is there some kind of curfew, or are you able to come and go as you please?

4 minutes ago, napoxoguk said: I've been thinking about that - and I might be wrong, but it seems to me an SPB-Moscow combo over a 3-day cruise is one of the few remaining cases where obtaining a full-fledged Russian visa actually makes sense (especially for families/groups and especially if one is willing to do some DIY trip planning).    Just to make sure, though - for those staying on the ship, is there some kind of curfew, or are you able to come and go as you please?  

If you have a Russian visa there is no curfew - you may come and go as you wish. In fact, if you so choose, you can spend the entire time in the city (staying at a hotel in either Moscow or St. Petersburg) rather than returning to your ship each evening - but ONLY if you have a visa.

6 minutes ago, dogs4fun said: If you have a Russian visa there is no curfew - you may come and go as you wish. In fact, if you so choose, you can spend the entire time in the city (staying at a hotel in either Moscow or St. Petersburg) rather than returning to your ship each evening - but ONLY if you have a visa.

That is what my research shows too.  A quick google search showed the tourist visas for US citizens are $160.  I’m willing to pay for a tour rather than get the visa.  We’ve gotten most of the visas that are a pain to get and I’m tired of doing that. 

2 minutes ago, Wayfairers said: I’m willing to pay for a tour rather than get the visa

I understand. Ru visa process can be expensive and time consuming, especially if you live far away from one of the visa centers.

I'm just trying to come up with a reasonably conservative number - what can one realistically expect to pay for a mad 1-day Moscow dash if they go DIY.

For a regular SPB-only itinerary, visa doesn't seem to make sense - not only price-wise, but also from the standpoint of convenience - all the local operators have their itineraries down to a science.

With Moscow, though, it's not so clear-cut.

I found that most of the tour operators will give you a tour but no guarantee that you make it to Moscow because you will miss the train if debarkation is too slow.  I found one tour that offers a 2 day tour with a flight to Moscow day 1 and train back and St Petersburg day 2.   Seriously considered them.   I briefly thought about getting a visa and spending the night in Moscow but never priced everything out. If you look into that I would love to see what you find. Probably not for us though because I want to see some of both cities.  

2 hours ago, napoxoguk said: I understand. Ru visa process can be expensive and time consuming, especially if you live far away from one of the visa centers. I'm just trying to come up with a reasonably conservative number - what can one realistically expect to pay for a mad 1-day Moscow dash if they go DIY.

I have visited Russia multiple times. I received my latest 3 year visa in May and here are the associated costs:

Single/Double/Multiple entry visa, consular fee = $198

Visa Center Processing fee = $50

Total = $248   (this is your total if you apply in person at one of the 4 consulates located in the USA - since I don't live near a Russian consulate, I must use the more costly mail option)

SO ... here is what I actually paid:

Multiple entry visa, consular fee = $198

Visa Center Processing fee by mail = $120

Return shipping/handling fee = $35

Total = $353

Totally worth the fee as I spend multiple weeks in Russia yearly and prefer DIY - personally, I would not consider a visa if it was a one time visit via cruise.

So, for DIY, added to the visa expense, one must add the cost of the sapsan train (or flight), Moscow transportation (metro is great), food & associated entrance fees to the Kremlin (and whatever else one has the time/desire to visit).

FYI: There is a HOHO in both Moscow & St. Petersburg.

Okay, I think the diy budget might be something like ₽20,000 (about $300) per person. This includes:

Train tickets: ₽9000 (5+4); Kremlin+armory: 1700 (1000+700)

Boat ride:600

Meals: 3000 (1500 per casual meal)

Contingencies (Uber ride if needed, etc): 2500. 

It's based on a number of assumptions, so real-life mileage will vary - please let me know if you identify some glaring omissions or errors.

Assumptions:

Done on day 2 of three.

Good weather (lots of outside/walking time)

Earliest Sapsan to Moscow, overnight double decker from Moscow (no hotel stays)

Train tickets purchased at least 30 days in advance, economy for Sapsan and economy plus for the double decker (includes a bottle of water and a piece of gingerbread).

All group members are adults

Done on a day when the Kremlin, Red Sq, and other Moscow attractions are actually open.

Boat ride via watertrams-radisson.ru (the cheapest option with English audio guide)

Sample itinerary:

leave SPB on Sapsan 743a (5:30am), sleep on the train.

Arrive Moscow 9am

DIY Metro tour until 11am

Kremlin excursion (cathedral Sq, DIY) 11:30

Armory excursion (audioguide) 12:30 

Quick lunch (at GUM stolovaya or fast food chains at Manezhnaya sq) : 2 to 3pm.

Walk to Zaryadye boat pier via Alexander's garden, Red Sq, Zaryadye. Boats leave every 30 minutes. Route: Zaryadye- Gorky Park - luzhniki- Ukraina - turnaround - sparrow hills - Gorky Park. Time on board: 2 hrs. 

Gorky Park/muzeon (5:30 to 7:30). 

Head back (metro) towards red sq for evening walk/dinner (tverskaya-kamergersky-b.dmitrovka-metropol-nikolskaya area)

Need to be back at the train station by 10:30 to catch the 006aa train departing at 10:50. 

Back to SPB at 6:47 am.

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Cruise Ship Pollution: Background, Laws and Regulations, and Key Issues

July 2, 2004 – December 15, 2010 RL32450

The cruise industry is a significant and growing contributor to the U.S. economy, providing more than $32 billion in benefits annually and generating more than 330,000 U.S. jobs, but also making the environmental impacts of its activities an issue to many. Although cruise ships represent a small fraction of the entire shipping industry worldwide, public attention to their environmental impacts comes in part from the fact that cruise ships are highly visible and in part because of the industry’s desire to promote a positive image.

Cruise ships carrying several thousand passengers and crew have been compared to “floating cities,” and the volume of wastes that they produce is comparably large, consisting of sewage; wastewater from sinks, showers, and galleys (graywater); hazardous wastes; solid waste; oily bilge water; ballast water; and air pollution. The waste streams generated by cruise ships are governed by a number of international protocols (especially MARPOL) and U.S. domestic laws (including the Clean Water Act and the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships), regulations, and standards, but there is no single law or rule. Some cruise ship waste streams appear to be well regulated, such as solid wastes (garbage and plastics) and bilge water. But there is overlap of some areas, and there are gaps in others. Some, such as graywater and ballast water, are not regulated (except in the Great Lakes), and concern is increasing about the impacts of these discharges on public health and the environment. In other areas, regulations apply, but critics argue that they are not stringent enough to address the problem—for example, with respect to standards for sewage discharges. Environmental advocates have raised concerns about the adequacy of existing laws for managing these wastes, and they contend that enforcement is weak.

In 2000, Congress enacted legislation restricting cruise ship discharges in U.S. navigable waters within the state of Alaska. California, Alaska, and Maine have enacted state-specific laws concerning cruise ship pollution, and a few other states have entered into voluntary agreements with industry to address management of cruise ship discharges. Meanwhile, the cruise industry has voluntarily undertaken initiatives to improve pollution prevention, by adopting waste management guidelines and procedures and researching new technologies. Concerns about cruise ship pollution raise issues for Congress in three broad areas: adequacy of laws and regulations, research needs, and oversight and enforcement of existing requirements. Legislation to regulate cruise ship discharges of sewage, graywater, and bilge water nationally was introduced in the 111th Congress (H.R. 3888 and S. 1820), but no legislative activity occurred on either bill.

This report describes the several types of waste streams that cruise ships may discharge and emit. It identifies the complex body of international and domestic laws that address pollution from cruise ships. It then describes federal and state legislative activity concerning cruise ships in Alaskan waters and activities in a few other states, as well as current industry initiatives to manage cruise ship pollution. Issues for Congress are discussed.

Introduction

Cruise ship waste streams, applicable laws and regulations, international legal regime, domestic laws and regulations, solid waste, hazardous waste, bilge water, ballast water, air pollution, considerations of geographic jurisdiction, alaskan activities, federal legislation, alaska state legislation and initiatives, other state activities, industry initiatives, issues for congress, laws and regulations, oversight and enforcement.

The cruise industry is a significant and growing contributor to the U.S. economy, providing more than $32 billion in benefits annually and generating more than 330,000 U.S. jobs, but also making the environmental impacts of its activities an issue to many. Although cruise ships represent a small fraction of the entire shipping industry worldwide, public attention to their environmental impacts comes in part from the fact that cruise ships are highly visible and in part because of the industry's desire to promote a positive image.

Cruise ships carrying several thousand passengers and crew have been compared to "floating cities," and the volume of wastes that they produce is comparably large, consisting of sewage; wastewater from sinks, showers, and galleys (graywater); hazardous wastes; solid waste; oily bilge water; ballast water; and air pollution. The waste streams generated by cruise ships are governed by a number of international protocols (especially MARPOL) and U.S. domestic laws (including the Clean Water Act and the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships), regulations, and standards, but there is no single law or rule. Some cruise ship waste streams appear to be well regulated, such as solid wastes (garbage and plastics) and bilge water. But there is overlap of some areas, and there are gaps in others. Some, such as graywater and ballast water, are not regulated (except in the Great Lakes), and concern is increasing about the impacts of these discharges on public health and the environment. In other areas, regulations apply, but critics argue that they are not stringent enough to address the problem—for example, with respect to standards for sewage discharges. Environmental advocates have raised concerns about the adequacy of existing laws for managing these wastes, and they contend that enforcement is weak.

In 2000, Congress enacted legislation restricting cruise ship discharges in U.S. navigable waters within the state of Alaska. California, Alaska, and Maine have enacted state-specific laws concerning cruise ship pollution, and a few other states have entered into voluntary agreements with industry to address management of cruise ship discharges. Meanwhile, the cruise industry has voluntarily undertaken initiatives to improve pollution prevention, by adopting waste management guidelines and procedures and researching new technologies. Concerns about cruise ship pollution raise issues for Congress in three broad areas: adequacy of laws and regulations, research needs, and oversight and enforcement of existing requirements. Legislation to regulate cruise ship discharges of sewage, graywater, and bilge water nationally was introduced in the 111 th Congress ( H.R. 3888 and S. 1820 ), but no legislative activity occurred on either bill.

More than 53,000 commercial vessels—tankers, bulk carriers, container ships, barges, and passenger ships—travel the oceans and other waters of the world, carrying cargo and passengers for commerce, transport, and recreation. Their activities are regulated and scrutinized in a number of respects by international protocols and U.S. domestic laws, including those designed to protect against discharges of pollutants that could harm marine resources, other parts of the ambient environment, and human health. However, there are overlaps of some requirements, gaps in other areas, geographic differences in jurisdiction based on differing definitions, and questions about the adequacy of enforcement.

Public attention to the environmental impacts of the maritime industry has been especially focused on the cruise industry, in part because its ships are highly visible and in part because of the industry's desire to promote a positive image. It represents a relatively small fraction of the entire shipping industry worldwide. As of October 2010, passenger ships (which include cruise ships and ferries) composed about 13% of the world shipping fleet. 1 The cruise industry is a significant and growing contributor to the U.S. economy, providing $40 billion in total benefits in 2009 and generating more than 357,000 U.S. jobs, 2 but also making the environmental impacts of its activities an issue to many. Since 1990, the average annual growth rate in the number of cruise passengers worldwide has been 7.4%, and in 2010, cruises hosted an estimated 14.3 million passengers. The worldwide cruise ship fleet consists of more than 230 ships, and the majority are foreign-flagged, with Liberia and Panama being the most popular flag countries. 3 Foreign-flag cruise vessels owned by six companies account for nearly 95% of passenger ships operating in U.S. waters. Each year, the industry adds new ships to the total fleet, vessels that are bigger, more elaborate and luxurious, and that carry larger numbers of passengers and crew. Over the past two decades, the average ship size has been increasing at the rate of roughly 90 feet every five years. The average ship entering the market from 2008 to 2011 will be more than 1,050 feet long and will weigh more than 130,000 tons. 4

To the cruise ship industry, a key issue is demonstrating to the public that cruising is safe and healthy for passengers and the tourist communities that are visited by their ships. Cruise ships carrying several thousand passengers and crew have been compared to "floating cities," in part because the volume of wastes produced and requiring disposal is greater than that of many small cities on land. During a typical one-week voyage, a large cruise ship (with 3,000 passengers and crew) is estimated to generate 210,000 gallons of sewage; 1 million gallons of graywater (wastewater from sinks, showers, and laundries); more than 130 gallons of hazardous wastes; 8 tons of solid waste; and 25,000 gallons of oily bilge water. 5 Those wastes, if not properly treated and disposed of, can pose risks to human health, welfare, and the environment. Environmental advocates have raised concerns about the adequacy of existing laws for managing these wastes, and suggest that enforcement of existing laws is weak.

A 2000 General Accounting Office (GAO) report focused attention on problems of cruise vessel compliance with environmental requirements. 6 GAO found that between 1993 and 1998, foreign-flag cruise ships were involved in 87 confirmed illegal discharge cases in U.S. waters. A few of the cases included multiple illegal discharge incidents occurring over the six-year period. GAO reviewed three major waste streams (solids, hazardous chemicals, and oily bilge water) and concluded that 83% of the cases involved discharges of oil or oil-based products, the volumes of which ranged from a few drops to hundreds of gallons. The balance of the cases involved discharges of plastic or garbage. GAO judged that 72% of the illegal discharges were accidental, 15% were intentional, and 13% could not be determined. The 87 cruise ship cases represented 4% of the 2,400 illegal discharge cases by foreign-flag ships (including tankers, cargo ships and other commercial vessels, as well as cruise ships) confirmed during the six years studied by GAO. Although cruise ships operating in U.S. waters have been involved in a relatively small number of pollution cases, GAO said, several have been widely publicized and have led to criminal prosecutions and multimillion-dollar fines.

In 2000, a coalition of 53 environmental advocacy groups petitioned the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to take regulatory action to address pollution by cruise ships. 7 The petition called for an investigation of wastewater, oil, and solid waste discharges from cruise ships. In response, EPA agreed to study cruise ship discharges and waste management approaches. As part of that effort, in 2000 EPA issued a background document with preliminary information and recommendations for further assessment through data collection and public information hearings. 8 Subsequently, in December 2008, the agency released a cruise ship discharge assessment report as part of its response to the petition. This report summarized information on cruise ship waste streams and findings of recent data collection activities (especially from cruise ships operating in Alaskan waters). It also identified options to address ship discharges. 9

This report presents information on issues related to cruise ship pollution. It begins by describing the several types of waste streams and contaminants that cruise ships may generate and release. It identifies the complex body of international and domestic laws that address pollution from cruise ships, as there is no single law in this area. Some wastes are covered by international standards, some are subject to U.S. law, and for some there are gaps in law, regulation, or possibly both. The report then describes federal and state legislative activity concerning cruise ships in Alaskan waters and activities in a few other states. Cruise ship companies have taken a number of steps to prevent illegal waste discharges and have adopted waste management plans and practices to improve their environmental operations. Environmental critics acknowledge these initiatives, even as they have petitioned the federal government to strengthen existing regulation of cruise ship wastes. Environmental groups endorsed legislation in the 109 th and 110 th Congresses (the Clean Cruise Ship Act) that would require stricter standards to control wastewater and other discharges from cruise ships. Similar legislation was introduced in the 111 th Congress (the Clean Cruise Ship Act, H.R. 3888 and S. 1820 ), but no legislative action occurred.

Cruise ships generate a number of waste streams that can result in discharges to the marine environment, including sewage, graywater, hazardous wastes, oily bilge water, ballast water, and solid waste. They also emit air pollutants to the air and water. These wastes, if not properly treated and disposed of, can be a significant source of pathogens, nutrients, and toxic substances with the potential to threaten human health and damage aquatic life. It is important, however, to keep these discharges in some perspective, because cruise ships represent a small—although highly visible—portion of the entire international shipping industry, and the waste streams described here are not unique to cruise ships. However, particular types of wastes, such as sewage, graywater, and solid waste, may be of greater concern for cruise ships relative to other seagoing vessels, because of the large numbers of passengers and crew that cruise ships carry and the large volumes of wastes that they produce. Further, because cruise ships tend to concentrate their activities in specific coastal areas and visit the same ports repeatedly (especially Florida, California, New York, Galveston, Seattle, and the waters of Alaska), their cumulative impact on a local scale could be significant, as can impacts of individual large-volume releases (either accidental or intentional).

Blackwater is sewage, wastewater from toilets and medical facilities, which can contain harmful bacteria, pathogens, diseases, viruses, intestinal parasites, and harmful nutrients. Discharges of untreated or inadequately treated sewage can cause bacterial and viral contamination of fisheries and shellfish beds, producing risks to public health. Nutrients in sewage, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, promote excessive algal growth, which consumes oxygen in the water and can lead to fish kills and destruction of other aquatic life. Cruise ships generate, on average, 8.4 gallons/day/person of sewage, and a large cruise ship (3,000 passengers and crew) can generate an estimated 15,000 to 30,000 gallons per day of sewage. 10

Graywater is wastewater from the sinks, showers, galleys, laundry, and cleaning activities aboard a ship. It can contain a variety of pollutant substances, including fecal coliform bacteria, detergents, oil and grease, metals, organics, petroleum hydrocarbons, nutrients, food waste, and medical and dental waste. Sampling done by EPA and the state of Alaska found that untreated graywater from cruise ships can contain pollutants at variable strengths, and that it can contain levels of fecal coliform bacteria one to three times greater than is typically found in untreated domestic wastewater. Cruise ships generate, on average, 67 gallons/day/person of graywater (or, approximately 200,000 gallons per day for a 3,000-person cruise ship); by comparison, residential graywater generation is estimated to be 51 gallons/person/day. 11 Graywater has potential to cause adverse environmental effects because of concentrations of nutrients and other oxygen-demanding materials, in particular. Graywater is typically the largest source of liquid waste generated by cruise ships (90%-95% of the total).

Solid waste generated on a ship includes glass, paper, cardboard, aluminum and steel cans, and plastics. It can be either non-hazardous or hazardous in nature. Solid waste that enters the ocean may become marine debris, and it can then pose a threat to marine organisms, humans, coastal communities, and industries that utilize marine waters. Cruise ships typically manage solid waste by a combination of source reduction, waste minimization, and recycling. However, as much as 75% of solid waste is incinerated on board, and the ash typically is discharged at sea, although some is landed ashore for disposal or recycling. Marine mammals, fish, sea turtles, and birds can be injured or killed from entanglement with plastics and other solid waste that may be released or disposed off of cruise ships. On average, each cruise ship passenger generates at least two pounds of non-hazardous solid waste per day and disposes of two bottles and two cans. 12 With large cruise ships carrying several thousand passengers, the amount of waste generated in a day can be massive. For a large cruise ship, about 8 tons of solid waste are generated during a one-week cruise. 13 It has been estimated that 24% of the solid waste generated by vessels worldwide (by weight) comes from cruise ships. 14 Most cruise ship garbage is treated on board (incinerated, pulped, or ground up) for discharge overboard. When garbage must be off-loaded (for example, because glass and aluminum cannot be incinerated), cruise ships can put a strain on port reception facilities, which are rarely adequate to the task of serving a large passenger vessel (especially at non-North American ports). 15

Cruise ships produce hazardous wastes from a number of on-board activities and processes, including photo processing, dry-cleaning, and equipment cleaning. Types of waste include discarded and expired chemicals, medical waste, batteries, fluorescent lights, and spent paints and thinners, among others. These materials contain a wide range of substances such as hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, heavy metals, paint waste, solvents, fluorescent and mercury vapor light bulbs, various types of batteries, and unused or outdated pharmaceuticals. Although the quantities of hazardous waste generated on cruise ships are relatively small, their toxicity to sensitive marine organisms can be significant. Without careful management, these wastes can find their way into graywater, bilge water, or the solid waste stream.

On a ship, oil often leaks from engine and machinery spaces or from engine maintenance activities and mixes with water in the bilge, the lowest part of the hull of the ship. Oil, gasoline, and byproducts from the biological breakdown of petroleum products can harm fish and wildlife and pose threats to human health if ingested. Oil in even minute concentrations can kill fish or have various sub-lethal chronic effects. Bilge water also may contain solid wastes and pollutants containing high amounts of oxygen-demanding material, oil, and other chemicals, as well as soaps, detergents, and degreasers used to clean the engine room. These chemicals can be highly toxic, causing mortality to marine organisms if the chemicals are discharged. Amounts vary, depending on the size of the ship, but large vessels often have additional waste streams that contain sludge or waste oil and oily water mixtures that can inadvertently get into the bilge. A typical large cruise ship will generate an average of eight metric tons of oily bilge water for each 24 hours of operation. 16 To maintain ship stability and eliminate potentially hazardous conditions from oil vapors in these areas, the bilge spaces need to be flushed and periodically pumped dry. However, before a bilge can be cleared out and the water discharged, the oil that has been accumulated needs to be extracted from the bilge water, after which the extracted oil can be reused, incinerated, and/or off-loaded in port. If a separator, which is normally used to extract the oil, is faulty or is deliberately bypassed, untreated oily bilge water could be discharged directly into the ocean, where it can damage marine life. According to EPA, bilge water is the most common source of oil pollution from cruise ships. 17 A number of cruise lines have been charged with environmental violations related to this issue in recent years.

Cruise ships, large tankers, and bulk cargo carriers use a tremendous amount of ballast water to stabilize the vessel during transport. Ballast water is often taken on in the coastal waters in one region after ships discharge wastewater or unload cargo, and discharged at the next port of call, wherever more cargo is loaded, which reduces the need for compensating ballast. Thus, it is essential to the proper functioning of ships (especially cargo ships), because the water that is taken in compensates for changes in the ship's weight as cargo is loaded or unloaded, and as fuel and supplies are consumed. However, ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria. These materials often include non-native, nuisance, exotic species that can cause extensive ecological and economic damage to aquatic ecosystems. Ballast water discharges are believed to be the leading source of invasive species in U.S. marine waters, thus posing public health and environmental risks, as well as significant economic cost to industries such as water and power utilities, commercial and recreational fisheries, agriculture, and tourism. 18 Studies suggest that the economic cost just from introduction of pest mollusks (zebra mussels, the Asian clam, and shipworms) to U.S. aquatic ecosystems is about $2.2 billion per year. 19 These problems are not limited to cruise ships, and there is little cruise-industry specific data on the issue. Further study is needed to determine the role of cruise ships in the overall problem of introduction of non-native species by vessels.

Air pollution from cruise ships is generated by diesel engines that burn high sulfur content fuel, producing sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulate matter, in addition to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons. Diesel exhaust has been classified by EPA as a likely human carcinogen. EPA recognizes that emissions from marine diesel engines contribute to unhealthy air and failure to meet air quality standards, as well as visibility degradation, haze, acid deposition, and eutrophication and nitrification of water. 20 EPA estimates that ocean-going vessels account for about 10% of mobile source nitrogen oxide emissions, 24% of mobile source particulate emissions, and 80% of mobile source sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States in 2009. These percentages are expected to increase as other sources of these pollutants are controlled. Emissions from marine diesel engines can be higher on a port-specific basis. Ships are also an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) pollutants. The International Maritime Organization estimates that international shipping contributed 2.7% of global carbon dioxide emissions in 2007. 21 Vessels also emit significant amounts of black carbon and nitrogen oxides, which contribute to climate change.

One source of environmental pressures on maritime vessels recently has come from states and localities, as they assess the contribution of commercial marine vessels to regional air quality problems when ships are docked in port. A significant portion of vessel emissions occur at sea, but they can impact areas far inland and regions without large commercial ports, according to EPA. Again, there is little cruise-industry specific data on this issue. They comprise only a small fraction of the world shipping fleet, but cruise ship emissions may exert significant impacts on a local scale in specific coastal areas that are visited repeatedly. Shipboard incinerators also burn large volumes of garbage, plastics, and other waste, producing ash that must be disposed of. Incinerators may release toxic emissions as well.

The several waste streams generated by cruise ships are governed by a number of international protocols and U.S. domestic laws, regulations and standards, which are described in this section, but there is no single law or regulation. Moreover, there are overlaps in some areas of coverage, gaps in other areas, and differences in geographic jurisdiction, based on applicable terms and definitions.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a body of the United Nations, sets international maritime vessel safety and marine pollution standards. It consists of representatives from 152 major maritime nations, including the United States. The IMO implements the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, as modified by the Protocol of 1978, known as MARPOL 73/78. Cruise ships flagged under countries that are signatories to MARPOL are subject to its requirements, regardless of where they sail, and member nations are responsible for vessels registered under their respective nationalities. 22 Six Annexes of the Convention cover the various sources of pollution from ships and provide an overarching framework for international objectives, but they are not sufficient alone to protect the marine environment from waste discharges, without ratification and implementation by sovereign states.

• Annex I deals with regulations for the prevention of pollution by oil.
• Annex II details the discharge criteria and measures for the control of pollution by noxious liquid substances carried in bulk.
• Annex III contains general requirements for issuing standards on packing, marking, labeling, and notifications for preventing pollution by harmful substances.
• Annex IV contains requirements to control pollution of the sea by sewage.
• Annex V deals with different types of garbage, including plastics, and specifies the distances from land and the manner in which they may be disposed of.
• Annex VI sets limits on sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, and other emissions from marine vessel operations and prohibits deliberate emissions of ozone-depleting substances.

Compliance with the Annexes is voluntary. In order for IMO standards to be binding, they must first be ratified by a total number of member countries whose combined gross tonnage represents at least 50% of the world's gross tonnage, a process that can be lengthy. Parties/countries that have ratified an Annex may propose amendments; MARPOL specifies procedures and timelines for parties to adopt amendments and for amendments to take effect. All six Annexes have been ratified by the requisite number of nations; the most recent is Annex VI, which took effect in May 2005. The United States has ratified Annexes I, II, III, V, and VI, but has taken no action regarding Annex IV. The country where a ship is registered (flag state) is responsible for certifying the ship's compliance with MARPOL's pollution prevention standards. IMO also has established a large number of other conventions, addressing issues such as ballast water management, and the International Safety Management Code, with guidelines for passenger safety and pollution prevention.

Each signatory nation is responsible for enacting domestic laws to implement the convention and effectively pledges to comply with the convention, annexes, and related laws of other nations. In the United States, the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS, 33 U.S.C. §§1905-1915, and regulations at 33 CFR Subchapter O—Pollution) implements the provisions of MARPOL and the annexes to which the United States is a party. The most recent U.S. action concerning MARPOL occurred in April 2006, when the Senate acceded to ratification of Annex VI, which regulates air pollution (Treaty Doc. 108-7, Exec. Rept. 109-13). Following that approval, in July 2008, Congress approved legislation to implement the standards in Annex VI, through regulations to be promulgated by EPA in consultation with the U.S. Coast Guard ( P.L. 110-280 ). Even before enactment of this legislation, the United Stated participated in international negotiations to strengthen MARPOL Annex VI , which resulted in amendments to Annex VI in October 2008 (see discussion of " Air Pollution ," below). 23

APPS applies to all U.S.-flagged ships anywhere in the world and to all foreign-flagged vessels operating in navigable waters of the United States or while at port under U.S. jurisdiction. The Coast Guard has primary responsibility to prescribe and enforce regulations necessary to implement APPS in these waters. The regulatory mechanism established in APPS to implement MARPOL is separate and distinct from the Clean Water Act and other federal environmental laws.

One of the difficulties in implementing MARPOL arises from the very international nature of maritime shipping. The country that the ship visits can conduct its own examination to verify a ship's compliance with international standards and can detain the ship if it finds significant noncompliance. Under the provisions of the Convention, the United States can take direct enforcement action under U.S. laws against foreign-flagged ships when pollution discharge incidents occur within U.S. jurisdiction. When incidents occur outside U.S. jurisdiction or jurisdiction cannot be determined, the United States refers cases to flag states, in accordance with MARPOL. The 2000 GAO report documented that these procedures require substantial coordination between the Coast Guard, the State Department, and other flag states and that, even when referrals have been made, the response rate from flag states has been poor. 24

In the United States, several federal agencies have some jurisdiction over cruise ships in U.S. waters, but no one agency is responsible for or coordinates all of the relevant government functions. The U.S. Coast Guard and EPA have principal regulatory and standard-setting responsibilities, and the Department of Justice prosecutes violations of federal laws. In addition, the Department of State represents the United States at meetings of the IMO and in international treaty negotiations and is responsible for pursuing foreign-flag violations. Other federal agencies have limited roles and responsibilities. For example, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, Department of Commerce) works with the Coast Guard and EPA to report on the effects of marine debris. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is responsible for ensuring quarantine inspection and disposal of food-contaminated garbage (these APHIS responsibilities are part of the Department of Homeland Security). In some cases, states and localities have responsibilities as well. This section describes U.S. laws and regulations that apply to cruise ship discharges.

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or Clean Water Act (CWA), is the principal U.S. law concerned with limiting polluting activity in the nation's streams, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters. The act's primary mechanism for controlling pollutant discharges is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program, authorized in Section 402. In accordance with the NPDES program, pollutant discharges from point sources—a term that includes vessels—are prohibited unless a permit has been obtained. While sewage is defined as a pollutant under the act, sewage discharges from cruise ships and other vessels are statutorily exempt from this definition and are therefore exempt from the requirement to obtain an NPDES permit.

Marine Sanitation Devices

Section 312 of the Clean Water Act seeks to address this gap by prohibiting the dumping of untreated or inadequately treated sewage from vessels into the navigable waters of the United States (defined in the act as within 3 miles of shore). Cruise ships are subject to this prohibition. It is implemented jointly by EPA and the Coast Guard. Under Section 312, commercial and recreational vessels with installed toilets are required to have marine sanitation devices (MSDs), which are designed to prevent the discharge of untreated sewage. EPA is responsible for developing performance standards for MSDs, and the Coast Guard is responsible for MSD design and operation regulations and for certifying MSD compliance with the EPA rules. MSDs are designed either to hold sewage for shore-based disposal or to treat sewage prior to discharge. Beyond 3 miles, raw sewage can be discharged.

The Coast Guard regulations cover three types of MSDs (33 CFR Part 159). Large vessels, including cruise ships, use either Type II or Type III MSDs. In Type II MSDs, the waste is either chemically or biologically treated prior to discharge and must meet limits of no more than 200 fecal coliform per 100 milliliters and no more than 150 milligrams per liter of suspended solids. Type III MSDs store wastes and do not treat them; the waste is pumped out later and treated in an onshore system or discharged outside U.S. waters. Type I MSDs use chemicals to disinfect the raw sewage prior to discharge and must meet a performance standard for fecal coliform bacteria of not greater than 1,000 per 100 milliliters and no visible floating solids. Type I MSDs are generally only found on recreational vessels or others under 65 feet in length. The regulations, which have not been revised since 1976, do not require ship operators to sample, monitor, or report on their effluent discharges.

Critics point out deficiencies with this regulatory structure as it affects cruise ships and other large vessels. First, the MSD regulations only cover discharges of bacterial contaminants and suspended solids, while the NPDES permit program for other point sources typically regulates many more pollutants such as chemicals, pesticides, heavy metals, oil, and grease that may be released by cruise ships as well as land-based sources. Second, sources subject to NPDES permits must comply with sampling, monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements, which do not exist in the MSD rules.

In addition, the Coast Guard, responsible for inspecting cruise ships and other vessels for compliance with the MSD rules, has been heavily criticized for poor enforcement of Section 312 requirements. In its 2000 report, the GAO said that Coast Guard inspectors "rarely have time during scheduled ship examinations to inspect sewage treatment equipment or filter systems to see if they are working properly and filtering out potentially harmful contaminants." GAO reported that a number of factors limit the ability of Coast Guard inspectors to detect violations of environmental law and rules, including the inspectors' focus on safety, the large size of a cruise ship, limited time and staff for inspections, and the lack of an element of surprise concerning inspections. 25 The Coast Guard carries out a wide range of responsibilities that encompass both homeland security (ports, waterways, and coastal security, defense readiness, drug and migrant interdiction) and non-homeland security (search and rescue, marine environmental protection, fisheries enforcement, aids to navigation). Since the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, the Coast Guard has focused more of its resources on homeland security activities. 26 One likely result is that less of the Coast Guard's time and resources are available for vessel inspections for MSD or other environmental compliance.

Annex IV of MARPOL was drafted to regulate sewage discharges from vessels. It generally requires that ships be equipped with either a sewage treatment plant, sewage comminuting (i.e., to grind or macerate solids) and disinfecting system, or a sewage holding tank. It has entered into force internationally and would apply to cruise ships that are flagged in ratifying countries, but because the United States has not ratified Annex IV, it is not mandatory that ships follow it when in U.S. waters. However, its requirements are minimal, even compared with U.S. rules for MSDs. Annex IV requires that vessels be equipped with a certified sewage treatment system or holding tank, but it prescribes no specific performance standards. Within three miles of shore, Annex IV requires that sewage discharges be treated by a certified MSD prior to discharge. Between three and 12 miles from shore, sewage discharges must be treated by no less than maceration or chlorination; sewage discharges beyond 12 miles from shore are unrestricted. Vessels are permitted to meet alternative, less stringent requirements when they are in the jurisdiction of countries where less stringent requirements apply. In U.S. waters, cruise ships and other vessels must comply with the regulations implementing Section 312 of the Clean Water Act.

On some cruise ships, especially many of those that travel in Alaskan waters, sewage is treated using Advanced Wastewater Treatment (AWT) systems that generally provide improved screening, treatment, disinfection, and sludge processing as compared with traditional Type II MSDs. AWTs are believed to be very effective in removing pathogens, oxygen demanding substances, suspended solids, oil and grease, and particulate metals from sewage, but only moderately effective in removing dissolved metals and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous). 27

No Discharge Zones

Section 312 has another means of addressing sewage discharges, through establishment of no-discharge zones (NDZs) for vessel sewage. A state may completely prohibit the discharge of both treated and untreated sewage from all vessels with installed toilets into some or all waters over which it has jurisdiction (up to 3 miles from land). To create a no-discharge zone to protect waters from sewage discharges by cruise ships and other vessels, the state must apply to EPA under one of three categories.

• NDZ based on the need for greater environmental protection, and the state demonstrates that adequate pumpout facilities for safe and sanitary removal and treatment of sewage from all vessels are reasonably available. As of 2009, this category of designation has been used for waters representing part or all of the waters of 26 states, including a number of inland states.
• NDZ for special waters found to have a particular environmental importance (e.g., to protect environmentally sensitive areas such as shellfish beds or coral reefs); it is not necessary for the state to show pumpout availability. This category of designation has been used twice (state waters within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and the Boundary Waters Canoe area of Minnesota).
• NDZ to prohibit the discharge of sewage into waters that are drinking water intake zones; it is not necessary for the state to show pumpout availability. This category of designation has been used to protect part of the Hudson River in New York.

In the 2008 Discharge Assessment Report, EPA identified several possible options to address sewage from cruise ships, such as revising standards for the discharge of treated sewage effluent, restricting discharge of treated or untreated sewage effluent (e.g., no discharge out to 3 miles from shore), requiring sampling and testing of wastewater treatment equipment to ensure that its meets applicable standards, requiring certain reports by cruise ship operators, or imposing uniform requirements on all ships as a condition of port entry and within U.S. waters. 28

Under current federal law, graywater is not defined as a pollutant, nor is it generally considered to be sewage. There are no separate federal effluent standards for graywater discharges. The Clean Water Act only includes graywater in its definition of sewage for the express purpose of regulating commercial vessels in the Great Lakes, under the Section 312 MSD requirements. However, those rules prescribe limits only for bacterial contaminant content and total suspended solids in graywater. Pursuant to a state law in Alaska, graywater must be treated prior to discharge into that state's waters (see " Alaskan Activities ," below). In addition, in 2008, EPA issued a CWA general permit applicable to large commercial vessels, including cruise ships, that contains restrictions on graywater discharges similar to those that apply in Alaskan waters (see " EPA's Response: General Permits for Vessels ," below).

The National Marine Sanctuaries Act (16 USC § 1431 et seq.) authorizes NOAA to designate National Marine Sanctuaries where certain discharges, including graywater, may be restricted to protect sensitive ecosystems or fragile habitat, such as coral. NOAA regulations do restrict such discharges from cruise ships and other vessels in areas such as the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

In the 2008 Discharge Assessment Report, EPA identified several options or alternatives for addressing graywater discharges, such as establishing and/or revising standards for graywater discharges, placing geographic restrictions on graywater discharges, requiring monitoring and reporting, or imposing penalties for failure to meet graywater standards. 29

Cruise ship discharges of solid waste are governed by two laws. Title I of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA, 33 U.S.C. §§ 1402-1421) applies to cruise ships and other vessels and makes it illegal to transport garbage from the United States for the purpose of dumping it into ocean waters without a permit or to dump any material transported from a location outside the United States into U.S. territorial seas or the contiguous zone (within 12 nautical miles from shore) or ocean waters. EPA is responsible for issuing permits that regulate the disposal of materials at sea (except for dredged material disposal, for which the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is responsible). Beyond waters that are under U.S. jurisdiction, no MPRSA permit is required for a cruise ship to discharge solid waste. The routine discharge of effluent incidental to the propulsion of vessels is explicitly exempted from the definition of dumping in the MPRSA. 30

The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS, 33 U.S.C. §§ 1901-1915) and its regulations, which implement U.S.-ratified provisions of MARPOL Annex V, also apply to cruise ships. APPS prohibits the discharge of all garbage within 3 nautical miles of shore, certain types of garbage within 12 nautical miles offshore, and plastic anywhere. As described above, it applies to all vessels, whether seagoing or not, regardless of flag, operating in U.S. navigable waters and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). It is administered by the Coast Guard which carries out inspection programs to insure the adequacy of port facilities to receive offloaded solid waste. According to EPA, there have been discharges of solid waste and plastic from cruise ships. 31 The IMO also is reportedly evaluating the need to amend Annex V of MARPOL.

In the 2008 Discharge Assessment Report, EPA identified several possible options to address solid waste from cruise ships, such as increasing the use and range of on-board garbage handling and treatment technologies (e.g., compactors and incinerators); initiating a rulemaking to provide stronger waste management plans than the current voluntary cruise industry practices; prohibiting discharge of incinerator ash from cruise ships into U.S. waters; expanding port reception facilities to accept solid waste; or ensuring that there is no discharge of solid waste into the marine environment through monitoring and sanctions. 32

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA, 42 U.S.C. §§ 6901-6991k) is the primary federal law that governs hazardous waste management through a "cradle-to-grave" program that controls hazardous waste from the point of generation until ultimate disposal. The act imposes management requirements on generators, transporters, and persons who treat or dispose of hazardous waste. Under this act, a waste is hazardous if it is ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic, or appears on a list of about 100 industrial process waste streams and more than 500 discarded commercial products and chemicals. Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities are required to have permits and comply with operating standards and other EPA regulations.

The owner or operator of a cruise ship may be a generator and/or a transporter of hazardous waste, and thus subject to RCRA rules. Issues that the cruise ship industry may face relating to RCRA include ensuring that hazardous waste is identified at the point at which it is considered generated; ensuring that parties are properly identified as generators, storers, treaters, or disposers; and determining the applicability of RCRA requirements to each. Hazardous wastes generated onboard cruise ships are stored onboard until the wastes can be offloaded for recycling or disposal in accordance with RCRA. 33

A range of activities on board cruise ships generate hazardous wastes and toxic substances that would ordinarily be presumed to be subject to RCRA—for example, for use of chemicals in cleaning and painting, or in passenger services such as beauty parlors and photo labs. Cruise ships are potentially subject to RCRA requirements to the extent that chemicals used for operations such as ship maintenance and passenger services result in the generation of hazardous wastes. However, it is not entirely clear what regulations apply to the management and disposal of these wastes. 34 RCRA rules that cover small-quantity generators (those that generate more than 100 kilograms but less than 1,000 kilograms of hazardous waste per month) are less stringent than those for large-quantity generators (generating more than 1,000 kilograms per month), and it is unclear whether cruise ships are classified as large or small generators of hazardous waste. Moreover, some cruise companies argue that they generate less than 100 kilograms per month and therefore should be classified in a third category, as "conditionally exempt small-quantity generators," a categorization that allows for less rigorous requirements for notification, recordkeeping, and the like. 35

A release of hazardous substances by a cruise ship or other vessel could also theoretically trigger the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, or Superfund, 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601-9675), but it does not appear to have been used in response to cruise ship releases. CERCLA requires that any person in charge of a vessel shall immediately notify the National Response Center of any release of a hazardous substance in amounts above regulatory thresholds (other than discharges in compliance with a federal permit under the Clean Water Act or other environmental law, as these discharges are exempted) into waters of the United States or the contiguous zone. Notification is required for releases in amounts determined by EPA that may present substantial danger to the public health, welfare, or the environment. EPA has identified 500 wastes as hazardous substances under these provisions and issued rules on quantities that are reportable, covering releases as small as 1 pound of some substances (40 CFR Part 302). CERCLA authorizes the President (acting through the Coast Guard in coastal waters) to remove and provide for remedial action relating to the release.

In addition to RCRA, hazardous waste discharges from cruise ships are subject to Section 311 of the Clean Water Act, which prohibits the discharge of hazardous substances in harmful quantities into or upon the navigable waters of the United States, adjoining shorelines, or into or upon the waters of the contiguous zone.

In the 2008 Discharge Assessment Report, EPA identified several possible options for addressing hazardous wastes, such as establishing standards of BMPs to decrease contaminants in hazardous wastes or the volume of hazardous waste on cruise ships; beginning a rulemaking to prohibit the discharge of hazardous materials into U.S. waters out to the 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone; increasing inspections on cruise ships; or increasing inspections of authorized facilities that receive cruise ship hazardous wastes. 36

Section 311 of the Clean Water Act, as amended by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (33 U.S.C. §§ 2701-2720), applies to cruise ships and prohibits discharge of oil or hazardous substances in harmful quantities into or upon U.S. navigable waters, or into or upon the waters of the contiguous zone, or which may affect natural resources in the U.S. EEZ (extending 200 miles offshore). Coast Guard regulations (33 CFR §151.10) prohibit discharge of oil within 12 miles from shore, unless passed through a 15-ppm oil water separator, and unless the discharge does not cause a visible sheen. Beyond 12 miles, oil or oily mixtures can be discharged while a vessel is proceeding en route and if the oil content without dilution is less than 100 ppm. Vessels are required to maintain an Oil Record Book to record disposal of oily residues and discharges overboard or disposal of bilge water.

In addition to Section 311 requirements, the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS) implements MARPOL Annex I concerning oil pollution. APPS applies to all U.S. flagged ships anywhere in the world and to all foreign flagged vessels operating in the navigable waters of the United States, or while at a port under U.S. jurisdiction. To implement APPS, the Coast Guard has promulgated regulations prohibiting the discharge of oil or oily mixtures into the sea within 12 nautical miles of the nearest land, except under limited conditions. However, because most cruise lines are foreign registered and because APPS only applies to foreign ships within U.S. navigable waters, the APPS regulations have limited applicability to cruise ship operations. In addition, most cruise lines have adopted policies that restrict discharges of machinery space waste within three miles from shore.

In the 2008 Discharge Assessment Report, EPA identified several possible options for addressing oily bilge water from cruise ships, such as establishing standards; conducting research on alternative lubricants; treating effluents from oily bilge water to meet specified standards and establishing penalties for failure to meet standards; banning discharge of bilge water into U.S. waters; or revising inspection practices to more aggressively identify noncompliant equipment. 37

Since the 1970s, Clean Water Act regulations had exempted ballast water and other discharges incidental to the normal operation of cruise ships and other vessels from NPDES permit requirements. Because of the growing problem of introduction of invasive species into U.S. waters via ballast water (see discussion, page 5 ), in January 1999, a number of conservation organizations, fishing groups, Native American tribes, and water agencies petitioned EPA to repeal its 1973 regulation exempting ballast water discharge, arguing that ballast water should be regulated as the "discharge of a pollutant" under the Clean Water Act's Section 402 permit program. EPA rejected the petition in September 2003, saying that the "normal operation" exclusion is long-standing agency policy, to which Congress has acquiesced twice (in 1979 and 1996) when it considered the issue of aquatic nuisance species in ballast water and did not alter EPA's CWA interpretation. 38 Further, EPA said that other ongoing federal activities related to control of invasive species in ballast water are likely to be more effective than changing the NPDES rules. 39 Until 2004, these efforts to limit ballast water discharges by cruise ships and other vessels were primarily voluntary, except in the Great Lakes. Since then, all vessels equipped with ballast water tanks must have a ballast water management plan. 40

After the denial of their administrative petition, the environmental groups filed a lawsuit seeking to force EPA to rescind the regulation that exempts ballast water discharges from CWA permitting. In 2005, a federal district court ruled in favor of the groups, and in 2006, the court remanded the matter to EPA with an order that the challenged regulation be set aside by September 30, 2008. The ruling was upheld on appeal in July 2008. 41

EPA's Response: General Permits for Vessels

Significantly, while the focus of the environmental groups' challenge was principally to EPA's permitting exemption for ballast water discharges, the court's ruling—and its mandate to EPA to rescind the exemption in 40 CFR § 122.3(a)—applies fully to other types of vessel discharges that were covered by the long-standing regulatory exemption for "discharges incidental to the normal operation of vessels," including graywater and bilge water. In response to the court's order, in December 2008, EPA issued a Clean Water Act general permit, 42 the Vessel General Permit (VGP), applicable to an estimated 69,000 large recreational and commercial vessels, including tankers, freighters, barges, and approximately 175 U.S. and foreign flagged cruise ships that carry and provide overnight accommodations for more than 100 passengers. 43

The VGP applies to pollutant discharges incidental to the normal operation from non-recreational vessels that are 79 feet or more in length, and to ballast water discharges from commercial vessels of less than 79 feet and commercial fishing vessels of any length. Geographically, it applies to discharges into waters of the United States in all states and territories, extending to the reach of the 3-mile territorial limit.

In the permit, EPA identified 26 types of waste streams from the normal operation of covered vessels (some are not applicable to all vessel types). The types of pollutant discharges subject to the permit include aquatic nuisance species, nutrients, pathogens, oil and grease, metals, and pollutants with toxic effects. Most of the categories of waste streams from the normal operations of these vessels would be controlled by best management practices (BMPs) that are described in the permit, many of which are already practiced or are required by existing regulations. To control ballast water discharges, the VGP primarily relies on existing Coast Guard requirements (at 33 CFR Part 151, Subparts C and D), plus certain flushing and ballast exchange practices, especially for vessels in Pacific nearshore areas. To control discharges of bilge water, the draft VGP provides for BMPs, which EPA indicates are consistent with current rules and industry practice. Monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements apply.

The VGP does not include sewage discharges from vessels, which are already regulated under CWA Section 312, as discussed previously in this report. Likewise, discharges of wastes associated with passenger services on cruise ships, such as photo developing and dry cleaning, that are toxic to the environment are not authorized by the permit.

Under the VGP, cruise ships are subject to more detailed requirements for certain discharges, such as graywater and pool and spa water, and additional monitoring and reporting. It includes BMPs as well as numeric effluent limits for fecal coliform and residual chlorine in cruise ship discharges of graywater that are based on U.S. Coast Guard rules for discharge of treated sewage or graywater in Alaska (see discussion below, page 19 ). It also includes operational limits on cruise ship graywater discharges in nutrient-impaired waters, such as Chesapeake Bay or Puget Sound.

The 110 th Congress considered ballast water discharge issues, specifically legislation to provide a uniform national approach for addressing aquatic nuisance species from ballast water under a program administered by the Coast Guard ( S. 1578 , ordered reported by the Senate Commerce Committee on September 27, 2007; and H.R. 2830 , passed by the House April 28, 2008). Some groups opposed S. 1578 and H.R. 2830 , because the legislation would preempt states from enacting ballast water management programs more stringent than Coast Guard requirements, while the CWA does allow states to adopt requirements more stringent than in federal rules. Also, while the CWA permits citizen suits to enforce the law, the legislation included no citizen suit provisions. There was no further action on this legislation.

The Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) is the principal federal law that addresses air quality concerns. It requires EPA to set health-based standards for ambient air quality, sets standards for the achievement of those standards, and sets national emission standards for large and ubiquitous sources of air pollution, including mobile sources. Cruise ships emissions were not regulated until February 2003. At that time, EPA promulgated emission standards for new marine diesel engines on large vessels (called Category 3 marine engines) such as container ships, tankers, bulk carriers, and cruise ships flagged or registered in the United States. 44 The 2003 rule resulted from settlement of litigation brought by the environmental group Bluewater Network after it had petitioned EPA to issue stringent emission standards for large vessels and cruise ships. Standards in the rule are equivalent to internationally negotiated standards set in Annex VI of the MARPOL protocol for nitrogen oxides, which engine manufacturers currently meet, according to EPA. 45 Emissions from these large, primarily ocean-going vessels (including container ships, tankers, bulk carriers, as well as cruise ships) had not previously been subject to EPA regulation. The rule is one of several EPA regulations establishing emissions standards for nonroad engines and vehicles, under Section 213(a) of the Clean Air Act. Smaller marine diesel engines are regulated under rules issued in 1996 and 1999.

In the 2003 rule, EPA announced that it would continue to review issues and technology related to emissions from large marine vessel engines in order to promulgate additional, more stringent emission standards for very large marine engines and vessels later. Addressing long-term standards in a future rulemaking, EPA said, could facilitate international efforts through the IMO (since the majority of ships used in international commerce are flagged in other nations), while also permitting the United States to proceed, if international standards are not adopted in a timely manner. Environmental groups criticized EPA for excluding foreign-flagged vessels that enter U.S. ports from the marine diesel engine rules and challenged the 2003 rules in federal court. The rules were upheld in June 2004. 46 EPA said that it would consider including foreign vessels in the future rulemaking to consider more stringent standards.

As noted previously, the 110 th Congress enacted legislation to implement MARPOL Annex VI, concerning standards to control air pollution from vessels. Soon after that U.S. action, in October 2008, the IMO adopted amendments to Annex VI that to establish stringent new global nitrogen oxide standards beginning in 2011, new global fuel sulfur standards beginning in 2012, plus more stringent emission controls that will apply in designated Emission Control Areas (ECAs). The United States supported the amendments during IMO negotiations. Complementing the IMO revisions, in December 2009, EPA promulgated changes to the 2003 CAA rules for Category 3 marine engines that essentially adopt the amended IMO requirements. 47 The EPA rule also establishes emissions standards for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Like the new Annex VI requirements, the EPA rule applies to newly built engines (not existing) and only to U.S.-flagged or registered vessels. On the latter point, EPA said that engines on foreign vessels are subject to the nitrogen oxide limits in MARPOL Annex VI, which the United States can enforce through the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS).

Related to these actions, in October 2010, the IMO approved a U.S. request to designate waters in the U.S. Caribbean (around Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands) as an ECA. A treaty amendment to Annex VI will be circulated among IMO members, and if approved by July 2011, ships operating in the designated area would be subject to more stringent emission limitations for sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter beginning in 2014.

The various laws and regulations described here apply to different geographic areas, depending on the terminology used. For example, the Clean Water Act treats navigable waters, the contiguous zone, and the ocean as distinct entities. The term "navigable waters" is defined to mean the waters of the United States, including the territorial seas (33 U.S.C. §1362(7)). In turn, the territorial seas are defined in that act as extending a distance of 3 miles seaward from the baseline (33 U.S.C. §1362(8)); the baseline generally means the land or shore. In 1988, President Reagan signed a proclamation (Proc. No. 5928, December 27, 1988, 54 Federal Register 777) providing that the territorial sea of the United States extends to 12 nautical miles from the U.S. baseline. However, that proclamation had no effect on the geographic reach of the Clean Water Act.

The contiguous zone is defined in the CWA to mean the entire zone established by the United States under Article 24 of the Convention of the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone (33 U.S.C. §1362(9)). That convention defines "contiguous zone" as extending from the baseline from which the territorial sea is measured to not beyond 12 miles. In 1999, President Clinton signed a proclamation (Proc. No. 7219 of August 2, 1999, 64 Federal Register 48701) giving U.S. authorities the right to enforce customs, immigration, or sanitary laws at sea within 24 nautical miles from the baseline, doubling the traditional 12-mile width of the contiguous zone. As with the 1988 presidential proclamation, this proclamation did not amend any statutory definitions (as a general matter, a presidential proclamation cannot amend a statute). Thus, for purposes of the Clean Water Act, the territorial sea remains 3 miles wide, and the contiguous zone extends from 3 to 12 miles. Under CERCLA, "navigable waters" means waters of the United States, including the territorial seas (42 U.S.C. §9601(15)), and that law incorporates the Clean Water Act's definitions of "territorial seas" and "contiguous zone" (42 U.S.C. §9601(30)).

The CWA defines the "ocean" as any portion of the high seas beyond the contiguous zone (33 U.S.C. §1362(10)). In contrast, the MPRSA defines "ocean waters" as the open seas lying seaward beyond the baseline from which the territorial sea is measured, as provided for in the Convention of the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone (33 U.S.C. §1402(b)).

Limits of jurisdiction are important because they define the areas where specific laws and rules apply. For example, the Clean Water Act MSD standards apply to sewage discharges from vessels into or upon the navigable waters, and Section 402 NPDES permits are required for point source discharges (excluding vessels) into the navigable waters. Section 311 of the CWA, as amended by the Oil Pollution Act, addresses discharges of oil or hazardous substances into or upon the navigable waters of the United States or the waters of the contiguous zone. Provisions of the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS, 33 U.S.C. §§1901-1915) concerning discharges of oil and noxious substances apply to navigable waters. Other provisions of that same act concerning garbage and plastics apply to navigable waters or the EEZ, but the term "navigable waters" is not defined in APPS. The MPRSA regulates ocean dumping within the area extending 12 nautical miles seaward from the baseline and regulates transport of material by U.S.-flagged vessels for dumping into ocean waters.

Further complicating jurisdictional considerations is the fact that the Clean Water Act refers to these distances from shore in terms of miles, without other qualification, which is generally interpreted to mean an international mile or statute mile. APPS, the MPRSA, and the two presidential proclamations refer to distances in terms of nautical miles from the baseline. These two measures are not identical: a nautical mile is a unit of distance used primarily at sea and in aviation; it equals 6,080 feet and is 15% longer than an international or statute mile. 48

In Alaska, where tourism and commercial fisheries are key contributors to the economy, cruise ship pollution has received significant attention. After the state experienced a three-fold increase in the number of cruise ship passengers visits during the 1990s, 49 concern by Alaska Natives and other groups over impacts of cruise ship pollution on marine resources began to increase. In one prominent example of environmental violations, in July 1999, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines entered a federal criminal plea agreement involving total penalties of $6.5 million for violations in Alaska, including knowingly discharging oil and hazardous substances (including dry-cleaning and photo processing chemicals). The company admitted to a fleet-wide practice of discharging oil-contaminated bilge water. The Alaska penalties were part of a larger $18 million total federal plea agreement involving environmental violations in multiple locations, including Florida, New York, and California.

Public concern about the Royal Caribbean violations led the state to initiate a program in December 1999 to identify cruise ship waste streams. Voluntary sampling of large cruise ships in 2000 indicated that waste treatment systems on most ships did not function well and discharges greatly exceeded applicable U.S. Coast Guard standards for Type II MSDs. Fecal coliform levels sampled during that period averaged 12.8 million colonies per 100 milliliters in blackwater and 1.2 million in graywater, far in excess of the Coast Guard standard of 200 fecal coliforms per 100 milliliters.

Concurrent with growing regional interest in these problems, attention to the Alaska issues led to passage of federal legislation in December 2000 (Certain Alaskan Cruise Ship Operations, Division B, Title XIV of the Miscellaneous Appropriations Bill, H.R. 5666 , in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001 ( P.L. 106-554 ); 33 U.S.C. § 1901 Note). This law established standards for vessels with 500 or more overnight passengers and generally prohibited discharge of untreated sewage and graywater in navigable waters of the United States within the state of Alaska. It authorized EPA to promulgate standards for sewage and graywater discharges from cruise ships in these waters. Until such time as EPA issues regulations, cruise ships may discharge treated sewage wastes in Alaska waters only while traveling at least 6 knots and while at least 1 nautical mile from shore, provided that the discharge contains no more than 200 fecal coliforms per 100 ml and no more than 150 mg/l total suspended solids (the same limits prescribed in federal regulations for Type II MSDs).

The law also allows for discharges of treated sewage and graywater inside of one mile from shore and at speeds less than 6 knots (thus including stationary discharges while a ship is at anchor) for vessels with systems that can treat sewage and graywater to a much stricter standard. Such vessels must meet these minimum effluent standards: no more than 20 fecal coliforms per 100 ml, no more than 30 mg/l of total suspended solids, and total residual chlorine concentrations not to exceed 10 mg/l. The legislation requires sampling, data collection, and recordkeeping by vessel operators to facilitate Coast Guard oversight and enforcement. The Coast Guard issued regulations to implement the federal law in 2001; the rules became effective immediately upon publication. 50 The regulations stipulate minimum sampling and testing procedures and provide for administrative and criminal penalties for violations of the law, as provided in the legislation.

Pursuant to Title IV, EPA has carried out a multi-year project to evaluate the performance of various treatment systems and to determine whether revised and/or additional standards for sewage and graywater discharges from large cruise ships operating in Alaska are warranted. In particular, EPA sampled wastewater from four cruise ships that operated in Alaska during the summers of 2004 and 2005 to characterize graywater and sewage generated onboard and to evaluate the performance of various treatment systems. 51 Much of the information collected through this effort is summarized in the 2008 Cruise Ship Discharge Assessment Report. Also in 2004, EPA distributed a survey questionnaire on the effectiveness, costs, and impacts of sewage and graywater treatment devices for large cruise vessels in Alaska. EPA has collaborated with the state of Alaska on a cruise ship plume tracking survey (in 2001) and a study in Skagway Harbor to estimate the near-field dilution of treated sewage and graywater discharges from docked cruise ships (in 2008). These sampling efforts generally show that advanced wastewater treatment systems are effective in treating pathogens, oxygen-demanding materials, suspended solids, oil and grease, and particulate matter, and are moderately effective in treating metals, volatile chemicals, and nutrients.

Building on the federal legislation enacted in 2000, the state of Alaska enacted its own law in 2001 (AS 46.03.460-AS 46.03.490). The state law sets standards and sampling requirements for the underway discharge of blackwater in Alaska that are identical to the blackwater/sewage standards in the federal law. However, because of the high fecal coliform counts detected in graywater in 2000, the state law also extends the effluent standards to discharges of graywater. Sampling requirements for all ships took effect in 2001, as did effluent standards for blackwater discharges by large cruise ships (defined as providing overnight accommodations to 250 or more). Effluent standards for graywater discharges by large vessels took effect in 2003. Small ships (defined as providing overnight accommodations for 50 to 249 passengers) were allowed three years to come into compliance with all effluent standards. The law also established a scientific advisory panel to evaluate the effectiveness of the law's implementation and to advise the state on scientific matters related to cruise ship impacts on the Alaskan environment and public health.

According to the state, the federal and state standards have prompted large ships to either install advanced wastewater treatment systems that meet the effluent standards or to manage wastes by holding all of their wastewater for discharge outside of Alaskan waters (beyond 3 miles from shore). 52 As of 2006, 23 of 28 large cruise ships that operated in Alaskan waters had installed advanced wastewater treatment systems, and the quality of wastewater discharged from large ships has improved dramatically, according to the state.

Small ships, however, have not installed new wastewater treatment systems, and the effluent quality has remained relatively constant, with discharge levels for several pollutants regularly exceeding state water quality standards. In particular, test results indicated that concentrations of free chlorine, fecal coliform, copper, and zinc from stationary smaller vessels pose some risk to aquatic life and also to human health in areas where aquatic life is harvested for raw consumption.

In addition to the state's 2001 action, in August 2006 Alaska voters approved a citizen initiative requiring cruise lines to pay the state a $50 head tax for each passenger and a corporate income tax, increasing fines for wastewater violations, and mandating new environmental regulations for cruise ships (such as a state permit for all discharges of treated wastewater). Revenues from the taxes will go to local communities affected by tourism and into public services and facilities used by cruise ships. Supporters of the initiative contend that the cruise industry does not pay enough in taxes to compensate for its environmental harm to the state and for the services it uses. Opponents argued that the initiative would hurt Alaska's competitiveness for tourism, and have filed a legal challenge to the tax in federal court. At least two cruise ship lines (Norwegian Cruise and Royal Caribbean) have reportedly stopped operating cruise ships in Alaskan waters because of the citizen initiative. In 2009, Alaska enacted legislation (HB 134) giving the Department of Environmental Conservation more time to implement the stringent wastewater treatment standards and creating a scientific review board to assess whether the standards can be achieved.

Activity to regulate or prohibit cruise ship discharges also has occurred in several other states.

In April 2004, the state of Maine enacted legislation governing discharges of graywater or mixed blackwater/graywater into coastal waters of the state (Maine LD. 1158). The legislation applies to large cruise ships (with overnight accommodations for 250 or more passengers) and allows such vessels into state waters after January 1, 2006, only if the ships have advanced wastewater treatment systems, comply with discharge and recordkeeping requirements under the federal Alaska cruise ship law, and get a permit from the state Department of Environmental Protection. Under the law, prior to 2006, graywater dischargers were allowed if the ship operated a treatment system conforming to requirements for continuous discharge systems under the Alaska federal and state laws. In addition, the legislation required the state to apply to EPA for designation of up to 50 No Discharge Zones, in order that Maine may gain federal authorization to prohibit blackwater discharges into state waters. EPA approved the state's NDZ request for Casco Bay in June 2006.

California enacted three bills in 2004. One bars cruise ships from discharging treated wastewater while in the state's waters (Calif. A.B. 2672). Another prohibits vessels from releasing graywater (Calif. A.B. 2093), and the third measure prevents cruise ships from operating waste incinerators (Calif. A.B. 471). Additionally, in 2003 California enacted a law that bans passenger ships from discharging sewage sludge and oil bilge water (Calif. A.B. 121), as well as a bill that prohibits vessels from discharging hazardous wastes from photo-processing and dry cleaning operations into state waters (Calif. A.B. 906). Another measure was enacted in 2006: California S.B. 497 requires the state to adopt ballast water performance standards by January 2008 and set specific deadlines for the removal of different types of species from ballast water, mandating that ship operators remove invasive species (including bacteria) by the year 2020.

Several states, including Florida, Washington, and Hawaii, have entered into memoranda of agreement with the industry (through the Cruise Lines International Association and related organizations) providing that cruise ships will adhere to certain practices concerning waste minimization, waste reuse and recycling, and waste management. For example, under a 2001 agreement between industry and the state of Florida, cruise lines must eliminate wastewater discharges in state waters within 4 nautical miles off the coast of Florida, report hazardous waste off-loaded in the United States by each vessel on an annual basis, and submit to environmental inspections by the U.S. Coast Guard.

Similarly, in April 2004 the Washington Department of Ecology, Northwest Cruise Ship Association, and Port of Seattle signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) that would allow cruise ships to discharge wastewater treated with advanced wastewater treatment systems into state waters and would prohibit the discharge of untreated wastewater and sludge. The MOU has been amended several times and now covers other ports, as well. Environmental advocates are generally critical of such voluntary agreements, because they lack enforcement and penalty provisions. States respond that while the Clean Water Act limits a state's ability to control cruise ship discharges, federal law does not bar states from entering into voluntary agreements that have more rigorous requirements. 53 In June 2009, the Department of Ecology reported that cruise ships visiting the state during the 2008 sailing season mostly complied with the MOU to stop discharging untreated wastewater, and found that wastewater treatment systems generally produce high quality effluent that is as good or better than on-land plants. Although enforcement of what is essentially a voluntary agreement is difficult, the state argues that having something in place to protect water quality is beneficial and enables the state to obtain data on vessels and waste treatment equipment. 54

Pressure from environmental advocates, coupled with the industry's strong desire to promote a positive image, have led the cruise ship industry to respond with several initiatives. Members of the Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), which represents 25 of the world's largest cruise lines, have adopted a set of waste management practices and procedures for their worldwide operations building on regulations of the IMO and U.S. EPA. The guidelines generally require graywater and blackwater to be discharged only while a ship is underway and at least 4 miles from shore and require that hazardous wastes be recycled or disposed of in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. 55

CLIA's cruise line companies also have implemented Safety Management System (SMS) plans for developing enhanced wastewater systems and increased auditing oversight. These SMS plans are certified in accordance with the IMO's International Safety Management Code. The industry also is working with equipment manufacturers and regulators to develop and test technologies in areas such as lower emission turbine engines and ballast water management for elimination of non-native species. Environmental groups commend industry for voluntarily adopting improved management practices but also believe that enforceable standards are preferable to voluntary standards, no matter how well intentioned. 56

The industry joined with the environmental group Conservation International (CI) to form the Ocean Conservation and Tourism Alliance to work on a number of issues. In December 2003 they announced conservation efforts in four areas to protect biodiversity in coastal areas: improving technology for wastewater management aboard cruise ships, working with local governments to protect the natural and cultural assets of cruise destinations, raising passenger and crew awareness and support of critical conservation issues, and educating vendors to lessen the environmental impacts of products from cruise ship suppliers. Because two-thirds of the top cruise destinations in the world are located in the Caribbean and Mediterranean, two important biodiversity regions, in 2006, CLIA and CI announced a joint initiative to develop a map integrating sensitive marine areas into cruise line navigational charts, with the goal of protecting critical marine and coastal ecosystems.

In 2004, Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.(RCCL) announced plans to retrofit all vessels in its 29-ship fleet with advanced wastewater treatment technology, becoming the first cruise line to commit to doing so completely. The company had been the focus of efforts by the environmental group Oceana to pledge to adopt measures that will protect the ocean environment and that could serve as a model for others in the cruise ship industry, in part because of the company's efforts to alter its practices following federal enforcement actions in the 1990s for environmental violations that resulted in RCCL paying criminal fines that totaled $27 million.

Concerns about cruise ship pollution raise issues for Congress in three broad areas: adequacy of laws and regulations, research needs, and oversight and enforcement of existing programs and requirements. Attention to these issues is relatively recent, and more assessment is needed of existing conditions and whether current steps (public and private) are adequate. Bringing the issues to national priority sufficient to obtain resources that will address the problems is a challenge.

A key issue is whether the several existing U.S. laws, international protocols and standards, state activities, and industry initiatives described in this report adequately address management of cruise ship pollution, or whether legislative changes are needed to fill in gaps, remedy exclusions, or strengthen current requirements. As EPA noted in its 2000 white paper, certain cruise ship waste streams such as oil and solid waste are regulated under a comprehensive set of laws and regulations, but others, such as graywater, are excluded or treated in ways that appear to leave gaps in coverage. 57 Graywater is one particular area of interest, since investigations, such as sampling by state of Alaska officials, have found substantial contamination of cruise ship graywater from fecal coliform, bacteria, heavy metals, and dissolved plastics. State officials were surprised that graywater from ships' galley and sink waste streams tested higher for fecal coliform than did the ships' sewage lines. 58 One view advocating strengthened requirements came from the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. In its 2004 final report, the Commission advocated clear, uniform requirements for controlling the discharge of wastewater from large passenger vessels, as well as consistent interpretation and enforcement of those requirements. It recommended that Congress establish a new statutory regime that should include

• uniform discharge standards and waste management procedures;
• thorough recordkeeping requirements to track the waste management process;
• required sampling, testing, and monitoring by vessel operators using uniform protocols; and
• flexibility and incentives to encourage industry investment in innovative treatment technologies. 59

A proposal reflecting some of these concepts, the Clean Cruise Ship Act, was introduced in the 111 th Congress as S. 1820 (Durbin) and H.R. 3888 (Farr). No legislative action occurred on either bill. The legislation would amend the Clean Water Act to prohibit cruise vessels entering a U.S. port from discharging sewage, graywater, or bilge water into waters of the United States, including the Great Lakes, except in compliance with prescribed effluent limits and management standards. It further would direct EPA and the Coast Guard to promulgate effluent limits for sewage, graywater, and bilge water discharges from cruise vessels that are no less stringent than the more restrictive standards under the existing federal Alaska cruise ship law described above. It would require cruise ships to treat wastewater wherever they operate and would authorize broadened federal enforcement authority, including inspection, sampling, and testing. The legislation also would impose passenger fees for use by EPA and the Coast Guard to implement the legislation. Environmental advocates supported similar versions of this legislation in previous Congresses. Industry groups have argued that it would target an industry that represents only a small percentage of the world's ships and that environmental standards of the industry, including voluntary practices, already meet or exceed current international and U.S. regulations. 60

As noted above, a few states have passed legislation to regulate cruise ship discharges. If this state-level activity were to increase, Congress could see a need to develop federal legislation that would harmonize differences in the states' approaches.

Another issue for Congress is the status of EPA's efforts to manage or regulate cruise ship wastes. As discussed previously, in 2000 Congress authorized EPA to issue standards for sewage and graywater discharges from large cruise ships operating in Alaska. In response, the agency has been collecting information and assessing the need for additional standards, beyond those provided in P.L. 106-554 , but has not yet proposed any rules. In December 2008, EPA released a Cruise Ship Discharge Assessment Report that builds on a 2007 draft assessment report and the 2000 White Paper. The final report examines five cruise ship waste streams (sewage, graywater, oily bilge water, solid waste, and hazardous waste) and discusses how the waste streams are managed and current actions by the federal government to address the waste streams. For each waste stream, the report identifies possible options and alternatives to address cruise ship discharges, but it also states that EPA has not determined that any of the options are necessary, feasible, or warranted, or that EPA or any other entity has the legal authority to implement the options. 61

Other related issues of interest could include harmonizing the differences presented in U.S. laws for key jurisdictional terms as they apply to cruise ships and other types of vessels; providing a single definition of "cruise ship," which is defined variously in federal and state laws and rules, with respect to gross tonnage of ships, number of passengers carried, presence of overnight passenger accommodations, or primary purpose of the vessel; or requiring updating of existing regulations to reflect improved technology (such as the MSD rules that were issued in 1976).

Several areas of research might help improve understanding of the quantities of waste generated by cruise ships, impacts of discharges and emissions, and the potential for new control technologies.

The U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy noted in its 2004 final report that research can help identify the degree of harm represented by vessel pollution and can assist in prioritizing limited resources to address the most significant threats. The commission identified several directions for research by the Coast Guard, EPA, NOAA, and other appropriate entities on the fates and impacts of vessel pollution: 62

• Processes that govern the transport of pollutants in the marine environment.
• Small passenger vessel practices, including the impacts of stationary discharges.
• Disposal options for concentrated sludge resulting from advanced sewage treatment on large passenger vessels.
• Cumulative impacts of commercial and recreational vessel pollution on particularly sensitive ecosystems, such as coastal areas with low tidal exchange and coral reef systems.
• Impacts of vessel air emissions, particularly in ports and inland waterways where the surrounding area is already having difficulty meeting air quality standards.

In the 2008 Cruise Ship Assessment Report, EPA identified several possible research options, including establishing a detailed nationwide sampling, testing, and monitoring program to gather data; increasing studies on human health an environmental effects of cruise ship discharges; directing research to geographic areas that may be impacted by cruise ship discharges; or directing future assessments to potential cumulative impacts from multiple cruise ships, from stationary cruise ships, and in semi-enclosed environments such as bays and harbors. 63

The 2000 GAO report documented—and EPA's 2000 cruise ship white paper acknowledged—that existing laws and regulations may not be adequately enforced or implemented. GAO said there is need for monitoring of the discharges from cruise ships in order to evaluate the effectiveness of current standards and management. GAO also said that increased federal oversight of cruise ships by the Coast Guard and other agencies is needed concerning maintenance and operation of pollution prevention equipment, falsifying of oil record books (which are required for compliance with MARPOL), and analysis of records to verify proper off-loading of garbage and oily sludge to onshore disposal facilities. 64

The Coast Guard has primary enforcement responsibility for many of the federal programs concerning cruise ship pollution. A key oversight and enforcement issue is the adequacy of the Coast Guard's resources to support its multiple homeland and non-homeland security missions. The resource question as it relates to vessel inspections was raised even before the September 11 terrorist attacks, in the GAO's 2000 report. The same question has been raised since then, in light of the Coast Guard's expanded responsibilities for homeland security and resulting shift in operations, again by the GAO and others. 65

EPA has identified several possible options for enforcement and compliance, including improving monitoring and inspections; rewarding passengers who aid in detecting illegal activities; allowing state personnel (as well as the Coast Guard) to inspect cruise ship pollution control equipment; or charging a passenger fee to put a marine engineer onboard cruise ships to observe ship waste treatment practices. 66

In its 2000 report, GAO also found that the process for referring cruise ship violations to other countries does not appear to be working, either within the Coast Guard or internationally, and GAO recommended that the Coast Guard work with the IMO to encourage member countries to respond when pollution cases are referred to them and that the Coast Guard make greater efforts to periodically follow up on alleged pollution cases occurring outside U.S. jurisdiction.